Cold Plasma in Food and Agriculture Cold Plasma in Food and Agriculture Fundamentals and Applications Editedby NN Misra Oliver Schlu€ter PJ Cullen AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom ©2016ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-801365-6 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher:NikkiLevy AcquisitionEditor:PatriciaOsborn EditorialProjectManager:KarenMiller ProductionProjectManager:SusanLi Designer:MatthewLimbert TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Contents Contributors ix Foreword xi 1 Plasma inFood and Agriculture 1 N.N. Misra, O.Schlu€ter, P.J.Cullen 1 Challengesand Trends inFood Production 1 2 The Emergenceof Nonthermal Solutions 4 3 What IsCold Plasma? 8 4 History 9 5 ColdPlasma inFoodProcessing—A Paradigm Shift 10 6 Objectiveof the Book 12 Acknowledgments 13 References 13 2 Physics ofCold Plasma 17 M.Turner 1 Introduction 17 2 Electron Kinetics 19 3 Plasma Chemistry 28 4 Breakdown Processes 35 5 Plasma Sources 39 6 ModelingApproaches 47 7 Summary 48 References 49 3 The Chemistry ofCold Plasma 53 J.Christopher Whitehead 1 Introduction 53 2 CollisionalProcesses inPlasma 55 3 Some Case Studies inPlasma Chemistry ofRelevance toFood andAgriculture 62 4 Concluding Remarks 76 References 78 vi Contents 4 AtmosphericPressure NonthermalPlasma Sources 83 P. Lu, P.J. Cullen, K. Ostrikov 1 Introduction 83 2 Corona Discharge APNTP 85 3 Dielectric Barrier Discharge APNTP 89 4 Glow Discharge APNTP 97 5 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets 104 6 High VoltagePulsedDischarge Produced APNTP 109 7 Conclusion 111 References 112 5 Plasma Diagnostics 117 K. Ishikawa 1 Introduction 117 2 Electrical Diagnostics ofPlasma 119 3 Optical Diagnostics of Nonthermal Plasma 126 4 Electron SpinResonance 136 5 Mass SpectrometryofPlasma 139 6 Concluding Remarks 140 Acknowledgments 141 References 141 6 Principles ofNonthermal PlasmaDecontamination 143 S. Patil, P. Bourke, P.J. Cullen 1 Introduction 143 2 Role ofPlasma Species inMicrobial Inactivation 144 3 Effect ofNonthermal Plasma on Microbial Cells 150 4 Kinetics ofMicrobial InactivationinNonthermal Plasma 163 5 Concluding Remarks 168 References 169 7 Cold PlasmaInteractions With Food Constituentsin Liquid and Solid Food Matrices 179 B. Surowsky, S.Bußler, O.K. Schlu€ter 1 Plasma Treatment ofLiquid and Solid Food Systems 180 2 Plasma Effect on Proteins/Enzymes 182 3 Plasma Effect on Lipids 188 4 Plasma Effect on Carbohydrates 190 5 MatrixInteractions During Plasma Exposure: Radical Scavengers and Protective Effects 191 Contents vii 6 Plasma Effects on FunctionalProperties ofFoodSystems 194 7 Summary 197 References 199 8 Plasma inAgriculture 205 T. Ohta 1 Introduction 205 2 Decontaminationof Seeds Using Cold Plasma 207 3 Enhancement of Seed Germination 209 4 Growth ofPlants 215 5 Soil Remediation Using Cold Plasma 216 6 Concluding Remarks 218 References 219 9 Cold Plasma for Food Safety 223 D.Ziuzina, N.N. Misra 1 Introduction 223 2 Microbiological Safetyof Plant Origin Foods 226 3 Microbiological Safetyof Animal Origin Foods 237 4 Concluding Remarks 246 References 246 10 Quality ofCold Plasma Treated Plant Foods 253 N.N. Misra 1 Introduction 253 2 Physical Quality 255 3 Physiological Activity andRespiration Rate 258 4 ChemicalQuality 259 5 Sensory Attributes 267 6 Conclusions 268 References 268 11 Quality ofCold Plasma Treated Foodsof Animal Origin 273 H.-J. Kim, D.D. Jayasena, H.I. Yong, C. Jo 1 Introduction 273 2 Meat andMeat Products 277 3 Egg andEggProducts 283 4 Milkand Dairy Products 283 viii Contents 5 Fish Products 285 6 Conclusion 286 Acknowledgments 286 References 287 12 Cold PlasmaApplicationsin Food Packaging 293 S.K.Pankaj, S.Thomas 1 Introduction 293 2 Effects ofCold Plasma on Polymers 294 3 Applications 299 4 Conclusion 305 References 305 13 Nonthermal Plasma for Effluentand WasteTreatment 309 B. Jiang,J. Zheng, M.Wu 1 Introduction 309 2 Degradation ofPesticides 311 3 Degradation ofColoringMatter 320 4 Destruction of Off-Odors 327 5 Concluding Remarks 335 References 336 14 Future ofCold Plasmain Food Processing 343 K.M. Keener, N.N. Misra 1 Introduction 343 2 Regulatory Approval 345 3 DesignofPlasma Source 348 4 ProcessControl 354 5 FutureInnovations 355 6 Consumer Confidence 357 7 ClosingRemarks 358 References 359 Index 361 Contributors P.Bourke Dublin Instituteof Technology, Dublin,Ireland S.Bußler LeibnizInstituteforAgriculturalEngineeringPotsdam-Bornim,Potsdam,Germany J.Christopher Whitehead TheUniversity ofManchester, Manchester, United Kingdom P.J. Cullen Dublin Instituteof Technology, Dublin,Ireland;University ofNew South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia K.Ishikawa Nagoya University,Nagoya, Japan D.D.Jayasena Uva Wellassa University,Badulla, Sri Lanka B. Jiang Qingdao University Technology; China Universityof Petroleum,Qingdao, P.R. China C.Jo Seoul National University,Seoul,Republic of Korea K.M. Keener IowaState University,Ames,IA, USA H.-J. Kim National Instituteof Crop Science, RDA, Suwon,Republic of Korea P.Lu BioPlasma Group, Dublin Institute ofTechnology, Dublin, Ireland N.N.Misra GTECH, Research& Development,General MillsIndiaPvt Ltd,Mumbai, India T. Ohta Meijo University,Nagoya, Japan