NewDirectionsinPhilosophyandCognitiveScience SeriesEditor:JohnProtevi,LouisianaStateUniversity Thisseriesbringstogetherworkthattakescognitivescienceinnewdirections. Hitherto, philosophical reflection on cognitive science – or perhaps better, philosophical contribution to the interdisciplinary field that is cognitive science–hasforthemostpartcomefromphilosopherswithacommitment toarepresentationalistmodelofthemind. However, as cognitive science continues to make advances, especially in its neuroscience and robotics aspects, there is growing discontent with the representationalismoftraditionalphilosophicalinterpretationsofcognition. Cognitive scientists and philosophers have turned to a variety of sources – phenomenology and dynamic systems theory foremost among them to date–torethinkcognitionasthedirectionoftheactionofanembodiedand affectivelyattunedorganismembeddedinitssocialworld,astancethatsees representationasonlyonetoolofcognition,andaderivedoneatthat. Tofosterthisgrowinginterestinrethinkingtraditionalphilosophicalnotions ofcognition–usingphenomenology,dynamicsystemstheory,andperhaps other approaches yet to be identified – we dedicate this series to “New DirectionsinPhilosophyandCognitiveScience.” Titlesinclude: RichardMenary COGNITIVEINTEGRATION MindandCognitionUnbounded NewDirectionsinPhilosophyandCognitiveScience SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–54935–7Hardback 978–0–230–54936–4Paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacinga standingorder.Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,write tousattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseries andtheISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England AlsobyRichardMenary RADICALENACTIVISM(editor) THEEXTENDEDMIND(editor) Cognitive Integration Mind and Cognition Unbounded Richard Menary UniversityofWollongong ©RichardMenary2007 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-1-4039-8977-2 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, 90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2007by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgrave MacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd. Macmillan(cid:2)isaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom andothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropean Unionandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-54228-4 ISBN 978-0-230-59288-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230592889 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 For Sarah with love and admiration Contents Acknowledgements xi Foreword xii Introduction 1 Part I Setting the Scene 1 CognitivismandInternalism 10 1.1 Introduction 10 1.2 Whatisacognitiveprocessandwhatisacognitive system? 12 1.3 Theclassicalandnon-classicalvisions 14 1.4 Cognitiveinternalism 15 1.5 Theargumentfromcausalcapacities 17 1.5.1 Individuationbyintrinsiccausalproperties 18 1.5.2 Causalcapacitiessuperveneonintrinsic causalproperties 21 1.6 First stage of the computational argument: Methodologicalsolipsism 26 1.7 Thesecondstageofthecomputationalargument: Integratedcomputationalsystems 31 1.8 Conclusion 36 2 Externalism,DynamicsandtheExtendedMind 38 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Integrationandexternalism 39 2.3 Cognitivedynamics 42 2.4 Activeexternalismandcausalcoupling 48 2.5 Theparityprinciple 55 2.6 Functionalsimilarity 59 2.7 Conclusion 60 vii viii Contents 3 DefendingCognitiveIntegration 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 The“coupling-constitutionfallacy” 61 3.2.1 Responsetothe“coupling-constitution fallacy” 62 3.3 Theintrinsiccontentcondition 64 3.3.1 Response to the intrinsic content condition 66 3.4 Extendedcognitivescienceisnoscienceatall 69 3.4.1 Responsetotheextendedcognitivescience isnoscienceatallobjection 71 3.5 Conclusion 75 Part II Formulating Cognitive Integration 4 CognitiveIntegration:EmbodiedEngagementsand theManipulationThesis 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Embodiedengagements 78 4.2.1 Expertise 81 4.2.2 Asportingexample 81 4.3 Themanipulationthesis 83 4.3.1 Biologicalcoupling 85 4.3.2 Epistemicaction 86 4.4 Representation:ThePeirceanprinciple 95 4.4.1 Thethreeconditionsfortherepeatabilityof therepresentationaltriad 96 4.4.2 Therepresentationalvehicle 96 4.4.3 Representationalsalience 97 4.4.4 Representationalfunction 98 4.4.5 Therepresentationaltriad 99 4.5 Conclusion 101 5 TheEvolutionoftheHybridMind 102 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Organism–environmentsystems 104 5.2.1 Reciprocal coupling and extended phenotypes 106 Contents ix 5.3 Extendedphenotypesandadaptation 108 5.3.1 Biologicalcouplingandadaptation 110 5.4 Biologicalnormativityandrepresentation 117 5.4.1 Properfunctions 118 5.4.2 Example:Beedances 119 5.4.3 Teleonomicrepresentation 120 5.4.4 Biosemanticsandreciprocalcoupling 121 5.5 Biologicalcouplingascognitivecoupling 125 5.5.1 Hominidevolution 130 5.6 Conclusion 134 6 CognitivePractices 135 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Cognitivenorms 136 6.3 Formsofrepresentation 141 6.4 Cognitivetasksandexternalrepresentations 144 6.5 Whatsystematicityis 149 6.6 Systematicity in infra-verbal animal thought as evidence for the systematicity ofthought 154 6.7 Grammatical, semantic and pragmatic constraintsonlinguisticsystematiccapacities: SVO,poetryandyoda 157 6.8 Compositionality 163 6.9 Preliminary analysis part 1: Real symbol processing 166 6.10 Preliminary analysis part 2: A connectionist accountoflogic 168 6.11 Conclusion 170 7 DevelopmentandtheTransformationofCognitive Abilities 172 7.1 Introduction 172 7.2 Thedevelopmentofcognitiveabilities 172 7.3 The social development of higher mental processes 175 7.4 Thedevelopmentofmanipulativecapacities 176 7.5 Practicalintelligenceinanimalsandchildren 177 x Contents 7.6 Social interaction and the transformation of practicalactivity 179 7.7 Connectionistlanguagelearningwithoutinternal structuredrepresentations 185 7.8 Conclusion 191 Conclusion:CognitiveWebs 193 Notes 194 Bibliography 198 Index 206