. 055 ScW Coercive Persuasion 4 Coercive Persuasion A Socio-psychological Analysis of the “Brainwashing of American Civilian ' Prisoners by the Chinese Communists EDGAR H. SCHEIN with INGE SCHNEIER and CURTIS H. BARKER Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology W. W. NORTON & COMPANY, INC. New York © 1961 COPYRIGHT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FIRST EDITION Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 61-7483 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FOR THE PUBLISHERS BY THE VAIL-BALLOU PRESS, INC. 123456789 CONTENTS Preface and Methodology 7 Introduction 15 PART I The Context of Coercive Persuasion 1 The Persuasion Theme in the Development of the Chi¬ nese Communist Party 25 2 Thought Reform After the Take-over 43 3 The Passion for Unanimity 62 PART II Coercive Persuasion: Its Structure, Effects, and Determinants 4 A Socio-psychological Model for the Analysis of Coer¬ cive Persuasion 117 5 The Special Role of Guilt in Coercive Persuasion 140 6 The Effects of Coercive Persuasion 157 7 The Determinants of Belief and Attitude Change 167 PART III Theories of Coercive Persuasion 8 Theories I: Stress, Learning, and Psychoanalytic Theories 199 9 Theories II: Socio-psychological Theories 221 PART IV Implications for a Theory of Influence 10 The Ritualization of Belief 259 11 Coercive Persuasion in Non-Communist Settings: Some Parallels 269 CONCLUSIONS 283 Appendixes 286 Bibliography 305 Index 314 *