Cochlear Implants Josef M. Miller Francis A. Spelman Editors Cochlear Implants Models of the Electrically Stimulated Ear With 142 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Josef M. Miller Francis A. Spelman Kresge Hearing Research Institute Center for Bioengineering The University of Michigan Regional Primate Research Center Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0506 University of Washington USA Seattle, WA 98195 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cochlear implants: models ofthe electrically stimulated ear/edited by Josef M. Miller and Francis A. Spelman. p. cm. I. Cochlear implants. I. Miller, Josef M. II. Spelman, Francis A. RF305.C6294 1989 617.8'9-dc20 89-11256 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1990 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 All rights reserved. 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Typeset by TCSystems, Inc., Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. 9 8 7 654 3 2 1 ISBN-13:978-1-4612-7936-5 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4612-3256-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3256-8 To Cheryl and Kay, who have endured dismal days and near endless nights of editorial grumbling with grace, support, and humor. Acknowledgment Support for aspects of the work incorporated in this volume, preparation of manuscripts, and the symposium, which permitted all important discus- sions by the contributing authors of this volume, was provided by NIH Grants NS-21440 and RROO166, and funds from The University of Michigan offices of the Vice-President for Research and Medical School Associate Dean for Research. The authors would like to thank Robert and Clara VanderKloot for their support. We also gratefully acknowledge the organi- zational care as well as manuscript preparation provided by Yvonne Beerens. Contents Chapter 1. Introduction to Models of the Electrically Stimulated Ear 1 JOSEF M. MILLER AND FRANCIS A. SPELMAN Part I Tissue Characteristics 5 Moderator: C. DANIEL GEISLER Discussion Leader: BRIAN M. JOHNSTONE Chapter 2. Electrical Characteristics of Cochlear Tissues 7 C. DANIEL GEISLER Chapter 3. Selective Stimulation of Peripheral Axons 17 MOSHE SOLOMON OW Chapter 4. Determination of Tissue Impedances of the Inner Ear: Models and Measurements 35 FRANCIS A. SPELMAN Chapter 5. Models of Neural Responsiveness to Electrical Stimulation 55 CHARLES C. FINLEY, BLAKE S. WILSON, AND MARK W. WHITE Chapter 6. Observations on Current Pathways in the Cochlea and Their Computer Modeling 97 BRIAN M. JOHNSTONE Chapter 7. Session I: General Discussion 99 x Contents Part II Neural/Behavioral Models 103 Moderator: GUIDO F. SMOORENBURG Discussion Leader: JOSEF M. MILLER Chapter 8. Physical versus Perceptual Dimensions in Cochlear Implants 105 GUIDO F. SMOORENBURG Chapter 9. Reproducing Auditory Nerve Temporal Patterns with Sharply Resonant Filters 115 CHRIS VAN DEN HONERT Chapter 10. Response Characteristics of Nerve Fibers to Patterned Electrical Stimulation 135 RAINER HARTMANN AND RAINER KLINKE Chapter 11. Psychophysical Constraints on Biophysical/Neural Models of Threshold 161 BRYAN E. PFINGST Chapter 12. A Model of Temporal Integration and Forward Masking for Electrical Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve 187 ROBERT V. SHANNON Chapter 13. Interim Thoughts on Cochlear Tissues, Neural/Behavioral Models, and Encoding 207 FRANCIS A. SPELMAN AND JOSEF M. MILLER Chapter 14. Session II: General Discussion 211 Part III Encoding Schemes-Perspectives and Challenges 217 Moderator: MURRAY B. SACHS Discussion Leader: WILLIAM M. RABINOWITZ Chapter 15. Processing Rate Representation of Complex Stimuli in the Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus 219 MURRAY B. SACHS AND C.C. BLACKBURN Chapter 16. Neural Processing of Complex Electric and Acoustic Stimuli 223 BEN M. CLOPTON, JAMES A. WILER, AND PATRICIA M. BACKOFF Contents xi Chapter 17. Acoustic and Electrical Encoding of Temporal Information 247 ERIC JAVEL Chapter 18. Theories of Speech Perception as Guides to Neural Mechanisms 297 JAMES D. MILLER Chapter 19. Fundamental Limitations on Sensory Encoding of Electrical Stimulation 311 GREGORY H. WAKEFIELD Chapter 20. Psychophysical and Speech Perceptual Studies on Cochlear Implant Patients 323 Y.C. TONG, H.H. LIM, AND G.M. CLARK Chapter 21. Representations of Speech Features with Cochlear Implants 339 BLAKE S. WILSON, CHARLES C. FINLEY, AND DEWEY T. LAWSON Chapter 22. Perceptual Evaluation of a Neurally Based Encoding Strategy for Cochlear Implants 377 SIGFRID D. SOLI Chapter 23. Encoding Schemes-Perspectives and Challenges 405 WILLIAM M. RABINOWITZ Chapter 24. Session III: General Discussion 407 Chapter 25. Fundamental Research for Development of Cochlear Prostheses 413 JOSEF M. MILLER AND FRANCIS A. SPELMAN Index 419 Contributors PATRICIA M. BACKOFF Kresge Hearing Research Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0506, USA C.C. BLACKBURN Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medi- cine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA G.M. CLARK Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia 3002 BEN M. CLOPTON, PH.D. Kresge Hearing Research Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0506, USA CHARLES C. FINLEY, PH.D. Neuroscience Program Office, Research Triangle Institute, Research Tri- angle Park, NC 27709, USA C. DANIEL GEISLER, Sc.D. Department of Neurophysiology, University of Washington-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA RAINER HARTMANN, M.D. Zentrum der Physiologie, Klin. J.W. Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany CHRIS VAN DEN HONERT, PH.D. 3M Corporation, 3M Center, Saint Paul, MN 55144, USA xiv Contributors ERIC JAVEL, PH.D. Boys Town National Institute, Omaha, NE 68131, USA BRIAN M. JOHNSTONE, PH.D. Department of Physiology, University of Western Australia, Crawley West, Australia RAINER KLINKE, PH.D. Zentrum der Physiologie, Klin. J.W. Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany DEWEY T. LAWSON, PH.D. Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA H.H. LIM Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia 3002 JAMES D. MILLER, PH.D. Central Institute for the Deaf, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA JOSEF M. MILLER, PH.D. Kresge Hearing Research Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0506, USA BRYAN E. PFINGST, PH.D. Kresge Hearing Research Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0506, USA WILLIAM M. RABINOWITZ, PH.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA MURRAY B. SACHS, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medi- cine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ROBERT V. SHANNON, PH.D. Boys Town National Institute, Omaha, NE 68131, USA GUIDO F. SMOORENBURG, PH.D. ENT Department, University Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands SIGFRID D. SOLI, PH.D. House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA