Elsevier Oceanography Series, 60 COASTAL LAGOON PROCESSES Edited by Bjorn Kjerfve University of South Carolina, Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coast aI Research, Columbia, S.C. 29208, U.S.A. E LSEVl E R Amsterdam - London - New York - Tokyo 1994 ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211,1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cata oging-in-Publlca ion Data Coastal lagoon processes / edlted by Bjorn Kjerfve p. cm. -- (Elsevier ocea ography series : 60 ) Includes bibliographical references and Index. ISBN 0-444-88258-8 (acid-free) 1. Lagoon ecology, 2. Brackish water ecology. 3. Lagoons. . I. Kjerfve, Bjorn. 1944- XI. Series. QH541.5.L27C63 1993 574.5'2636--dc20 94- 1202 CIP ISBN: 0 444 88258 8 (8 1994 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Elsevier Science B.V., Copyright & Permissions Department, P.O. Box 521,1000 AM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the U.S.A.- This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the U.S.A., should be referred to the copyright owner, Elsevier Science B.V., unless otherwise specified. No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the materials herein. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in The Netherlands. This book is dedicated to my mother Valb rg and father h e vii Prologue Coastal lagoons constitute a common coastal environment around the world. Whereas estuaries have been the focus of many texts and reviews, coastal lagoons have been neglected in comparison, sometimes lumped into the category of bar-built estuaries, and sometimes not dealt with at all. The standard definition of estuaries refers to coastal systems that are measur- ably diluted by seawater and in free connection with the open sea. This often does not fit coastal lagoons. Coastal lagoons are systems which can span the range of salinities from hypersaline to completely fresh, and which are often intermittently closed off from the adjacent sea. Definitions of coastal la- goons vary greatly (Fig. 1) and are addressed by several of the authors in this volume. Coastal lagoons indeed deserve a closer look. There exist only a few published works that attempt to provide a multi- disciplinary coverage of salient aspects of coastal lagoons. The excellent early synthesis of coastal lagoons by Ayala Castaiiares and Phleger (1969) resulted from a joint UNAM/UNESCO symposium at Universidad Nacional Authoma de Mexico in 1967. It remains a valuable resource reference. A follow-up UNESCO/IABO seminar in Beaufort, North Carolina, USA, in 1978, and a UNESCO (COMAR)/IABO/SCOR symposium in Bordeaux, France, in 1981, resulted in two valuable summaries, UNESCO (1981) and Laserre and Postma (1982), respectively. Together with an introductory text by Barnes (19801, these volumes appear to be the extent of dedicated multidisciplinary syntheses of coastal lagoons published in English. The current volume, Coastal Lagoon Processes, is an attempt to focus again on coastal lagoons and bring together the expertise and opinions on coastal lagoons in a single synthesis volume, serving to update the information and analyses in the older publications. B.C. BY JOHNNY HART I Fig. 1.The definition of coastal lagoon vanes widely, and it is about time for the scientific community to agree on an authoritative definition. Such a definition as well as a distinction between lagoons and estuaries will hopefully emerge in this volume. (Used by permission of Johnny Hart and Creators Syndicate, Inch ... v111 This project started in fun in August 1988, during an excellent Friday afternoon lunch, over smoked kassler and dark beer, in a crowded down- town Niter& (Brazil) restaurant, Bar Luiz. Bastiaan Knoppers, Luiz Drude de Lacerda, and I were discussing priorities for research and publications on the coastal lagoons along the Fluminense coast east of Rio de Janeiro. Thus was born the idea of an edited synthesis volume on coastal lagoons, recognizing that a lagoon does not necessarily function in the same manner as does an estuary. I am indebted to Bastiaan and Drude for providing me with the idea to go ahead with this book project on coastal lagoons, and also grateful to them for many other stimulating discussions and interactions during subsequent research activities in Brazil. I would also like to express my gratitude for support from Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), the National Geographic Society, and the National Science Foundation, allowing me the opportunity to carry out research on coastal lagoons in Brazil, and thus indirectly providing the fuel for this volume. Likewise, I am thankful for the kind and enthusiastic support and help provided me by Departamento de Geo- quimica, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) in Niter&, as well as individual faculty, staff, and students at that institution. It would not have been possible to complete this edited book without the diligent assistance of many scientists who kindly gave of their time to review the many manuscripts submitted for inclusion in this volume. Each chapter was sent to four reviewers. I made a decision about inclusion of a manuscript after receiving at least two concurring, positive reviews. I would like to express my sincere thanks to each one of the reviewers listed below, who kindly critiqued one or more of the manuscripts. The reviewers were: Dr. Dennis M. Allen, Baruch Institute Coastal Marine Laboratory, Uni- versity of South Carolina; Prof. Dr. Milton Asmus, Departmento de Oceanografia, Fundaqiio Universidade do Rio Grande, Brazil; Dr. H. John Bavor, Jr., Water Research Laboratory, Hawkesbury Agricultural College; Dr. Robert J. Byrne, College of William and Mary, School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science; Prof. Armando A. de la Cruz, Depart- ment of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University; Dr. Ned Cyr, Office of International Affairs, NOAA, Rockville, MD; Dr. Richard F. Dame, Marine Science Department, Coastal Carolina College/University of South Carolina; Dr. R.A. Davis, Jr., Department of Geology, University of South Florida; Dr. John Mark Dean, Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South Carolina; Professor Colin D. Field, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong; Ms. Amy C. Frankenburg, Depart- ment of Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina; Dr. C.L.J. Frid, F.S.C. Research Centre, U.K.; Dr. S. Garcia, Marine Resources Service, FA0 Fisheries Division; Dr. L.R. Gardner, Department of Geological Sci- ences, University of South Carolina; Dr. David Jay, Department of Ocean- ography, University of Washington; Dr. J. Kapetsky, Inland Water ix Resources and Aquaculture Service, FA0 Fisheries Division; Dr. David Krantz, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware; Dr. J. Van de Kreeke, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami; Prof. Dr. Luiz Drude de Lacerda, Departamento de Geoquimica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil; Dr. William T. Lawrence, Center for Energy and Environmental Research, University of Puerto Rico; Dr. Liyuan Liang, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Dr. Nelson Marshall, Coral Reef and Estuarine Studies, St. Michaels, MD; Dr. Robert H. Meade, U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO; Dr. Hank N. McKellar, Jr., College of Health, University of South Carolina; Dr. C.B. Miller, School of Oceanogra- phy, Oregon State University; Dr. Stephen P. Murray, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University; Dr. Char- les B. Officer, Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire; Mr. Roger Palm, School of Fisheries, University of Washington; Dr. C.H. Peterson, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Dr. Jay Pinckney, Department of Biology, University of South Carolina; Dr. J.P. Quignard, Universitk des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Canada; Dr. Mitchell A. Roffer, Roffer Ocean Fishing Forecast- ing Service, Inc., Miami, FL; Dr. Paul M. Scholz, SCAMPI, Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South Carolina; Dr. Richard M. Showman, Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina; Dr. Fred Sklar, Baruch Institute Coastal Marine Laboratory, University of South Carolina; Dr. Samuel C. Snedaker, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Mi- ami; Dr. Ned P. Smith, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, FL; Dr. Stephen V. Smith, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii; Dr. Flora Chu Wang, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University; Dr. Charles A. Wilson, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University; Dr. W.J. Wolff, Research Institute for Nature Management, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the help of Stephen C. Stonehill of the University of South Carolina. He handled most manuscript format- ting, spell checking, letter writing, mailings, and other important chores related to the book. Without his help, the book would no doubt be several more years in production. However, for those errors that still no doubt occur, only I am to be blamed. References Ayala Castafiares, A., & F.B. Phleger (eds.). 1969. Coastal lagoons: a symposium. Universidad Nacional Autdnoma de MBxico. 686 pp. Barnes, R.S.K. 1980. Coastal lagoons. Cambridge University Press. 106 pp. X Laserre, P., & H. Postma (eds.). 1982. Coastal lagoons. Oceanologica Ada. Volume Special. 462 pp. UNESCO. 1981. Coastal lagoon research, present and future. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 33.348 pp. Bjorn Kjerfve Columbia, SC, USA xi Contributing Authors Marlin J. Atkinson Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA R.S.K. Barnes Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK E.C.F. Bird Department of Geography, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia John D. Boon I11 Virginia Institute of Marine Science and College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA Michael A. Borowitzka School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, W.A. 6150, Australia Saul Alvarez Borrego Centro de Investigaciones Cientifica y Education Superior de Ensenada, B.C., Av. Espinosa 843, Ap. 2732, Ensenada, Baja, Mexico Per Bruun 34 Baynard Cove Road, Hilton'Head Island, SC 29928, USA Ana Laura Lara Dominguez Programa de Ecologia, Pesquerias y Oceanografia del Golfo de Mexico (EPOMEX), Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Apartado Postal 520, Campeche 24000, Campeche, Mexico xii Josh Maria Landim Dominguez Instituto de Geociencias, PPPG, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Caetano Moura 123, Federaqiio, CEP40.210, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Clifford Hearn Department of Geography and Oceanography, University College, The University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Campbell, ACT 2600, Australia Bjorn yjerfve Marine Science Program, Department of Geological Sciences, and Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA Bastiaan Knoppers Departamento de Geoquimica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, CEP-24.210 Niterbi, RJ, Brazil Luiz Drude de Lacerda Departamento de Geoquimica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, CEP-24.210 Niterbi, FLJ, Brazil Rod Lukatelich BP Refinery Kwinana, Kwinana, W.A. 6168, Australia Donald J. Macintosh Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK Louis Martin Centre ORSTOM, 70-74 Route d'Aulnay, F-93140 Bondy, France ... xlll AJ. McComb School of Geological and Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, W.A. 6150, Australia Maynard M. Nichols Virginia Institute of Marine Science and College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA Daniel Pauly International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Manila, The Philippines Ant8nio L. Philomena Fundaqiio Universidade de Rio Grande, Av. Italia, Cx. P. 474, CEP-96.200 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil H. Postma Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands Ned P. Smith Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 Old Dixie Highway, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA) Stephen V. Smith Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA Malcolm L. Spaulding Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA Alejandro Yaiiez-Arancibia Programa de Ecologia, Pesquerias y Oceanografia del Golfo de Mexico (EPOMEX), Universidad Authoma de Campeche, Apartado Postal 520, Campeche 24000, Campeche, Mexico