UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director Bulletin 876 COAL DEPOSITS OF PIKE COUNTY, KENTUCKY BY CHARLES B. HUNT, GUY H. BRIGGS, JR., ARTHUR C. MUNYAN, AND GEORGE R. WESLEY UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1937 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - Price $2.25 (Including Maps) CONTENTS Page Abstract .____________________-__--_-.._------_--_---_-__-_--_-___- 1 Introduction __ _._____._._.._____-_---_---____----__-__---__-__-- 1 . Location and extent of area.___---_---__-----..--_--_-----_----- 1 Previous investigations.-----.--------------------------------- ^ 3 Field work and preparation of the report ______________________ 4 Acknowledgments..__________-__-_-_-_--_-----_________-______ 6 Geography __._-__-_.____._-____----__-_--_--_-___-_----_.-__----- 6 Drainage and surface features___-_-__-----_--_---------_-_----- 6 Population and routes of travel---------------------------.--.-- 7 General geology___--_--__--_------_--_----.------.--_..-_... 8 Exposed rocks_-_--_--_--_------_----------------------------- 8 Structure _______-__-______-----__-_----_---------_-----_--__- 11 Geomorphology _ _____________-___--__--_----__----_-----_--_-- 12 Coal beds in Pike County__________--_--_----__--_--_--_--_-------- 14 Coal beds below drainage level-------_----------------__---_---. 16 Coal beds above drainage level- __---__--__-_-----_-__--_____- 16 Coal bed 60 to 80 feet below the Elswick bed...-__-_._._.-. 16 Elswick coal bed____-_____--_--_------------------_------_ 16 Coal beds between the Elswick and Auxier beds______________ 17 Auxier coal bed.__________________________________________ 17 Coal beds between the Auxier and Millard beds.-__--_--_-__- 18 Millard coal bed__-____-----------------__-__--__-_--_-__- 18 Coal beds between the Millard and Bingham beds.._____-__._ 18 Bingham coal bed___--_--_--__-__-__-__---___--_--___-_- 18 Coal beds between the Bingham and Pond Creek (Lower Elkhorn) beds__-___.__..__-__--_-__--_____-__--_-__--.__._ 19 Pond Creek (Lower Elkhorn) coal bed.--.___________________ 19 Coal beds between the Pond Creek (Lower Elkhorn) bed and Upper Elkhorn coal zone.---.--------------------.------- 20 Upper Elkhorn coal zone__-----_-------------_--------_--_- 20 Alma or Upper Elkhorn No. 1 coal bed --.-._-___ 20 Upper Elkhorn No. 2 coal bed ._-----,_-_----.._--._ 21 Upper Elkhorn No. 3 coal bed ________________________ 21 Williamson coal bed_-__-_----------_--_-------..--__.__-__ 22 Coal beds between the Williamson and Bevins beds. ___-__-_.- 22 Bevins coal bed.__________-____-____-_-________-_-___--__- 22 Coal beds between the Bevins and Taylor beds__----_--__-_._ 23 Taylor coal bed____...................................^ 2$ Coal beds between the Taylor and Flatwoods beds....___.--_. 23 Flatwoods coal bed_____-_-------__--_--_-_-___-_____-_-_ 23 Coal beds above the Flatwoods bed-__-----_------___-_.-.__ 24 Mines, production, and mining methods. ______________ __.__._ 24 Coal reserves_____-_________-____-____-__-___----___--_.-__--__--- 26 The coal beds by divisions____-___-_--_------_----_-----_--__----_. 26 Analyses. __---__-_--_-___-___-__-.-._--------------------_----_-- 57 Index___..__.._.__._...._.....---_.-_--__._.-..-._...__.._. 91 m ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates 1 to 48 are in a separate pocket] Page PLATE 1. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 1, Pike County, Ky._.__.___.____.______..________ In pocket 2. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 2, Pike County, Ky____________________.______________ In pocket 3. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 3, Pike County, Ky__,________________________________ In pocket 4. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 4, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 5. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 5, Pike County, Ky____.__________________________ In pocket 6. Sections, correlations, and altitudes'of coal beds in division 6, Pike County, Ky______________.____________________ In pocket 7. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 7, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 8. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 8, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 9. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 9, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 10. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 10, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 11. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 11, Pike County, Ky__---__-__-________________-__.____ In pocket 12. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 12, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 13. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 13, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 14. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 14, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 15. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 15, Pike County, Ky_-___-____-__-___-_--_____------__- In pocket 16. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 16, Pike County, Ky_--__^___________-__________-__.__- In pocket 17. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 17, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 18. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 18, Pike County, Ky_________-_-_-___-_________-__-____ In pocket 19. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 19, Pike County, Ky_---__-_---_-_-__-_--______-------- In pocket 20. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 20, Pike County, Ky___________________--______-_--___- In pocket 21. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 21, Pike County, Ky____________________-_______,____-_ In pocket 22. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 22, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 23. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 23, Pike County, Ky______-___________---_____--_---___ In pocket 24. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 24, Pike County, Ky___________________________________ In pocket 25. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 25, Pike County, Ky-_-__________-_--_-___-___----_-_-_ In pocket IV ILLUSTRATIONS V Pago PLATE 26. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 26, Pike County, Ky__-_____^_-______-__-___-_____-___ In pocket 27. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 27, Pike County, Ky._-___.___________-_____------ __ In pocket 28. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 28, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 29. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 28, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 30. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 30, Pike County, Ky._-_____-___-___-___-___--_-----__ In pocket 31. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 31, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 32. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 32, Pike County, Ky_________--_________-________---_- In pocket 33. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 33, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 34. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 34, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 35. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 35, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 36. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 36, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 37. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 37, Pike County, Ky__-____-____--__-_---_______'_---_- In pocket 38. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 38, Pike County, 'Ky__________________________________ In pocket 39. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal veds in division 39, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 40. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 40, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 41. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 41, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 42. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 42, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 43. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 43, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 44. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 44, Pike County, Ky.__________-____-_____________-___ In pocket 45. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 45, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 46. Sections, correlations, and altitudes of coal beds in division 46, Pike County, Ky__________________________________ In pocket 47. Correlation of coal beds in 46 divisions of Pike County, Ky_ In pocket 48. Coal map with structure contours._____________________ In pocket 49. Map showing general changes in percentages of fixed carbon (pure-coal basis) in the Pond Creek (Lower Elkhorn) coal bed, Pike County, Ky_______________________________ 20 50. Map showing general changes in percentages of fixed carbon (pure-coal basis) in the coal beds of Pike County, Ky ______ 20 FIGURE 1. Index map of Kentucky showing the location of Pike County $ J and its position in the eastern Kentucky coal field.________ 2 COAL DEPOSITS OF PIKE COUNTY, KENTUCKY By CHARLES B. HUNT, GUY H. BRIGGS, Jr., ARTHUR C. MUNYAN, and GEORGE R. WESLEY ABSTRACT Most of the rocks in Pike County are nearly flat-lying strata of Pennsylvania!! age. These rocks are grouped as the Pottsville formation, but the base of the Allegheny formation may be present on the high hilltops in the northwestern part of the county. The rocks consist of lenticular sandstone, shale, limestone, and coal beds, mostly of continental origin, although some thin marine beds are present. No persistent limestone beds were found. Some Mississippian and perhaps Devonian rocks occur in the overthrust block of Pine Mountain along the southeast edge of Pike County. These rocks were not included in this investigation. The Pennsylvanian rocks dip to the northwest at about 100 feet to the mile. The dip is interrupted by a few broad, low folds. Minor irregularities of indi vidual beds, the swells and swales encountered in mining, are very local features, probably due mostly to differential compaction and deposition on irregular surfaces. Thirteen coal beds are being mined commercially in the county, and there are about 48 other coal beds, generally thin, but some are locally a few feet thick. The coal is mostly of high-volatile bituminous rank, predominantly of the common type, but there are a few localities of cannel. About 75 shipping mines besides country banks have been operated in the county. In 1933, the latest year for which statistics of production are available, the mines produced nearly 4,500,000 tons of coal, but in 1927 the production was about 7,500,000 tons. Since 1922 Pike County has produced considerably more than 1 percent of the United States total. Since 1909 the county has produced more than 110,000,000 tons of coal. The county contains an estimated reserve of about 8,000,000,000 tons of coal in beds 12 inches or more thick that are minable by drift mines. In addition probably several times this quantity is available to shaft mining in the lower Pennsylvanian rocks below the level of the streams. Pike County, the easternmost and largest county in Kentucky, includes nearly 800 square miles of mountainous land lying within and forming a substantial part of the eastern Kentucky coal field (fig. 1). It adjoins Mingo County, W. Va.; Buchanan and Dickenson Counties, Va.; and Letcher, Knott, Floyd, and Martin Counties, Ky. (pi. 48). 1 COAL DEPOSITS OF PIKE COUNTY, KENTUCKY INTEO DUCTION ' O PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS Many reports containing the results of previous investigations of the coal resources and geologic features of Pike County and adjacent areas have been published. Those on Pike County, as well as those of adjacent areas that bear on Pike County, are listed below. 1. Crandall, A. R., and Hodge, J. M., Preliminary reports on the southeastern Kentucky coal field, pp. 1-114, Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1887. Gives numerous measurements of coal beds, their general location, and reconnaissance correlation of the beds. 2. Brown, C. N., Mineral wealth of the Big Sandy Valley from Louisa to the head of navigation: Kentucky State Inspector of Mines Ann. Rept., 1900, pp. 203-273. Several detailed measurements of coal beds and some analyses are given. 3. Crandall, A. R., The coals of the Big Sandy Valley: Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 4, pp. 48-122, 1905. Numerous measurements of coal beds and analyses are presented in the text, and sketch maps show the location and altitude above drainage level of many coal openings. 4. Stone, R. W., Coal resources of the Russell Fork Basin in Kentucky and Virginia: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 348, p°p. 9-78, 1908. The text gives measure ments of coal beds, and some analyses and discusses correlation of the principal beds. The maps show the locations of coal openings and the approximate outcrop of the principal beds. 5. Hennen, R. V., and Reger, D. B., Logan and Mingo Counties, pp. 81-83, West Virginia Geol. Survey County Repts., 1914. Map with topographic base shows the locations of openings and approximate outcrop of principal coal beds in a part of West Virginia that adjoins Pike County. 6. Butts, Charles, The coal resources and general geology of the Pound quad rangle of Virginia and Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 541, pp. 25-31, 54- 69, 1914. Discusses coal beds in southernmost tip of Pike County. 7. Hinds, Henry. The geology and coal resources of Buchanan County, Va.: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 18, pp. 1-250, 1918. Describes in detail the coal beds of Buchanan County and discusses their extension into Pike County. 8. Giles, A. W., The geology and coal resources of Dickenson County, Va.: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 21, pp. 1-224, 1921. Describes the coal beds of Dickenson County and their extension into Pike County. A chapter by C. K. Wentworth describes the Russell Fork fault and the associated Pine Mountain thrust fault, which extends into Pike County. 9. Wentworth, C. K., Russell Fork fault of southwest Virginia: Jour. Geol ogy, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 351-369, 1921. Describes the Russell Fork fault and its relation to the Pine Mountain overthrust fault, which extends into Pike County. 10. Hudnall, J. S., Map of the structural geology of Pike County, Ky., Ken tucky Geol. Survey, 1923. Structure map based on reconnaissance mapping and aneroid elevation of coal beds. 11. Hudnall, J. S., The Elkhorn coal field: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, vol. 27, pp. 131-133, 1925. Briefly discusses the regional correlation of the Elkhorn coal bed. 12. McFarlan, A. C., Carbon-ratio map of the eastern Kentucky coal field, Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1926. General map showing approximate changes in carbon ratios in the eastern Kentucky coal field. 13. Rich, J. L., Mechanics of low-angle overthrust faulting as illustrated by Cumberland thrust block, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee: Am. Assoc. 4 COAL DEPOSITS OF PIKE COUNTY, KENTUCKY Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 18, pp. 1584-1596, 1934. Presents a very interesting and plausible interpretation of the development of the Pine Mountain overthrust block. 14. St. Clair, Stuart, Oil and gas in Kentucky and Tennessee, Problems of petroleum geology (Sidney Powers memorial volume), pp. 515-520, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, 1934. Refers very briefly to eastern Kentucky in a regional discussion of oil and gas problems. 15. Eby, J. B., The geology and mineral resources of Wise County and the coal-bearing portion of Scott County: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 24, 1923. Presents a regional map, including Pike County, showing carbon ratios. 16. Postley, 0. C., Natural-gas developments and possibilities east of the main oil and gas fields of Appalachian region: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 19, pp. 853-875, 1935. Refers briefly to gas wells drilled in eastern Pike County. 17. Analyses of Kentucky coals: U. S. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper 308, 1922. Contains a description of the coal-bearing rocks of the Kentucky fields, general use and distribution of the coal produced, chemical analyses of mined samples from the coal fields, with a few analyses of Pike County coals. 18. Thiessen, Reinhardt, Sprunk, G. C., and O'Donnell, H. J., Microscopic study of Elkhorn coal bed at Jenkins, Letcher County, Ky.: U. S. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper 506, 1931. Describes and illustrates various microscopic com ponents of the coal bed and stresses the so-called "opaque matter" regarded to be characteristic of "splint" coal. 19. Fieldner, A. C., Davis, J. D., Thiessen, Reinhardt, Kester, E. B., Selwig, W. A., Reynolds, D. A., Jung, W. F., and Sprunk, G. C., Carbonizing properties and constitution of Chilton bed coal from Boone No. 2 mine, Logan County, W. Va.: U. S. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper 542, 1932. Describes microscopic examination of the bed (correlated with the Taylor bed) and experimental studies of the coking property of various components. FIELD WORK AND PREPARATION OF THE REPORT The coal resources of Pike County were investigated in 1934 by a party of the United States Geological Survey, to which an allotment had been made for this purpose by the Public Works Administration. The object of the investigation was to acquire such information on the extent, thickness, character, and other features of the coal beds as would be of value in the proper development of future mining operations. Field work was carried on from April 1 to October 31, 1934, and the report was prepared during the following winter, spring, and summer. The senior author, a member of the regular staff of the Geological Survey, was in immediate charge of the project and during the field season was engaged chiefly in coordinating the field work being done in various parts of the county. Most of the field data were collected by the other members of the party Phil Aswerus, Paul Averitt, Guy H. Briggs, Jr., Jack Hirsch, Joseph H. Mills, Arthur C. Munyan, Herbert Parker, J. Basil Preston, and George R. Wesley. Most of these geologists were with the party during nearly all of the field work. Briggs, Munyari, and Wesley assisted in preparing the report.