History of Programming Languages CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 1 History •  Early History : The first programmers •  1940s: Von Neumann and Zuse •  1950s: The First Programming Language •  1960s: Explosion in Programming languages •  1970s: Simplicity, Abstraction, Study •  1980s: Object-oriented, Logic programming •  1990s: Internet, Java, C++, C# •  2000s: Scripting, Web, … •  2010s: Parallel computing, concurency CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 2 Early History: First Programmers • Jacquard loom of early 1800s –  Translated card patterns into cloth designs • Charles Babbage’s analytical engine (1830s and 40s) Programs were cards with data and operations. Steam powered! • Ada Lovelace – first programmer “The engine can arrange and combine its numerical quantities exactly as if they were letters or any other general symbols; And in fact might bring out its results in algebraic notation, were provision made.” CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 3 Konrad Zuse and Plankalkul Konrad Zuse began work on Plankalkul (plan calculus), the first algorithmic programming language, with an aim of creating the theoretical preconditions for the formulation of problems of a general nature. Seven years earlier, Zuse had devel- oped and built the world's first binary digital computer, the Z1. He completed the first fully functional program-controlled electromechan- ical digital computer, the Z3, in 1941. Only the Z4 – the most sophisticated of his creations -- survived World War II. CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 4 The 1940s: Von Neumann and Zuse • Konrad Zuse (Plankalkul) –  in Germany - in isolation because of the war –  defined Plankalkul (program calculus) circa 1945 but never implemented it. –  Wrote algorithms in the language, including a program to play chess. –  His work finally published in 1972. –  Included some advanced data type features such as » Floating point, used two’s complement and hidden bits » Arrays » records (that could be nested) CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 5 Plankalkul notation A(7) := 5 * B(6) | 5 * B => A V | 6 7 (subscripts) S | 1.n 1.n (data types) CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 6 The 1940s: Von Neumann and Zuse Von Neumann led a team that built computers with stored programs and a central pro- cessor ENIAC was programmed with patch cords Von Neuman with ENIAC CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 7 Machine Codes (40’s) •  Initial computers were programmed in raw machine codes. •  These were entirely numeric. •  What was wrong with using machine code? Everything! •  Poor readability •  Poor modifiability •  Expression coding was tedious •  Inherit deficiencies of hardware, e.g., no indexing or floating point numbers CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 8 The 1950s: The First Programming Language •  Pseudocodes: interpreters for assembly language •  Fortran: the first higher level programming language •  COBOL: the first business oriented language •  Algol: one of the most influential programming languages ever designed •  LISP: the first language outside the von Neumann model •  APL: A Programming Language CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 9 Pseudocodes (1949) •  Short Code or SHORTCODE - John Mauchly, 1949. •  Pseudocode interpreter for math problems, on Eckert and Mauchly’s BINAC and later on UNIVAC I and II. •  Possibly the first attempt at a higher level language. •  Expressions were coded, left to right, e.g.: X0 = sqrt(abs(Y0)) 00 X0 03 20 06 Y0 •  Some operations: 01 – 06 abs 1n (n+2)nd power 02 ) 07 + 2n (n+2)nd root 03 = 08 pause 4n if <= n 04 / 09 ( 58 print & tab CMSC 331. Some material © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 10