NT 959 .70433 D923b c.5 OF THE ARMY \ s T H A I L A ND BANGKOK / " ' \ C A M B O D IA T C V LF 0 F THAILAND *HNOM PENH \ VI MEKONG DELTA S O U T H C H I N A S E A • OUNDAKieS NOT AUTHOtlTATIVE VIETNAM STUDIES BASE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH VIETNAM 1965-1970 by Lieutenant General Carroll H. Dunn DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C. 1972 FEB 2 7 1974 THE COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE LIBRARY 959 .70433 D923b Call Number _ CGSC Form 13 — 11 Dec 72 USACGSC—3P3-1783—12M—22 Dec 72 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 72-600369 First Printing For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.75 domestic or $1.50 GPO Bookstore Stock Number 0820-0427 Foreword The United States Army has met an unusually complex chal­ lenge in Southeast Asia. In conjunction with the other services, the Army has fought in support of a national policy of assisting an emerging nation to develop governmental processes of its own choosing, free of outside coercion. In addition to the usual problems of waging armed conflict, the assignment in Southeast Asia has required superimposing the immensely sophisticated tasks of a modern army upon an underdeveloped environment and adapting them to demands covering a wide spectrum. These involved helping to fulfill the basic needs of an agrarian population, dealing with the frustrations of antiguerrilla operations, and conducting conven­ tional campaigns against well-trained and determined regular units. As this assignment nears an end, the U.S. Army must prepare for other challenges that may lie ahead. While cognizant that history never repeats itself exactly and that no army ever profited from trying to meet a new challenge in terms of the old one, the Army nevertheless stands to benefit immensely from a study of its experi­ ence, its shortcomings no less than its achievements. Aware that some years must elapse before the official histories will provide a detailed and objective analysis of the experience in Southeast Asia, we have sought a forum whereby some of the more salient aspects of that experience can be made available now. At the request of the Chief of Staff, a representative group of senior officers who served in important posts in Vietnam and who still carry a heavy burden of day-to-day responsibilities has prepared a series of monographs. These studies should be of great value in helping the Army develop future operational concepts while at the same time contributing to the historical record and providing the American public with an interim report on the performance of men and officers who have responded, as others have through our history, to exacting and trying demands. All monographs in the series are based primarily on official records, with additional material from published and unpublished secondary works, from debriefing reports and interviews with key participants, and from the personal experience of the author. To facilitate security clearance, annotation and detailed bibliography in have been omitted from the published version; a fully documented account with bibliography is filed with the Office of the Chief of Military History. Lieutenant General Carroll H. Dunn is specially qualified to tell the story of Base Development construction in Vietnam. A pro­ fessional engineer since the beginning of his Army career, General Dunn has been the Director of the Army Waterways Experiment Station, Executive Officer to the Chief of Engineers (responsible for the construction of the nation's first ballistic missile warning system), and both Director and Deputy Commander of the Titan II Missile System construction program. As Engineer for the Army's Southwestern Division, he supervised construction of the Manned Spacecraft Center at Houston. In January 1966 he became Director of Construction for the U.S. Military Assistance Command in Viet­ nam, responsible for all Department of Defense construction in the country. In June 1966 he became Assistant Chief of Staff for Logis­ tics and held that post until his return to the United States in the fall of 1967. He was then assigned as Director of Military Construc­ tion, Office of the Chief of Engineers. In 1969 he was appointed Deputy Chief of Engineers and in August 1971, with promotion to the rank of lieutenant general, he became Director of the Defense Nuclear Agency. Washington, D.C. VERNE L. BOWERS 30 March 1972 Major General, USA The Adjutant General IV Preface Before mid-1965, when the first U.S. engineer units arrived, the only American construction capability in Vietnam was a small civilian force under contract to the U.S. Navy. During this period, the Navy's Bureau of Yards and Docks (now the Naval Facilities Engineering Command) and the Army Corps of Engineers shared worldwide responsibility for military construction, with Southeast Asia among the areas assigned to the Navy. As the military buildup proceeded, engineer and construction forces received high priority for mobilization and deployment. With the coming of contingents of Army engineers, Navy Seabees, Marine Corps engineers, Air Force Prime BEEF and Red Horse units, and civilian contractors, U.S. construction strength in Vietnam increased rapidly. Vietnamese Army engineers and engineer troops of other Free World allies handled some of the construction for their own forces, thereby furthering the over-all effort. In February 1966 the Directorate of Construction was established in the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, to provide cen­ tralized management of the U.S. program. As the first Director of Construction, I had the duty, as the principal staff officer for engi­ neering and base development, to assure that the construction effort was responsive to tactical needs and priorities. Among my assigned tasks were holding construction to minimum essential requirements and enforcing the most austere standards consistent with opera­ tional needs and tactical objectives. Embracing ports, airfields, stor­ age areas, ammunition dumps, housing, bridges, roads, and other conventional facilities, the construction program was probably the largest concentrated effort of its kind in history. One feature of the program was unique. Because engineer troops were few at the beginning, contractors and civilian workmen for the first time in history assumed a major construction role in an active theater of operations. Without their valuable contribution, many more troops would have been required to do the job. Formidable obstacles confronted the engineers. The tropical climate, with its monsoon rains and enervating heat, imposed severe handicaps on constructors. Few building materials, either natural or manufactured, were available locally. Saigon was the only deep- draft port. Roads, mostly primitive, were interdicted by the enemy. Cargoes had to move in coastal vessels or by air. The supply line to the United States stretched ten thousand miles. Native labor was largely unskilled. Because much of the country was thickly popu­ lated and graves of venerated ancestors abounded, building sites were at a premium. Complicating the entire construction program was the use of essentially peacetime funding methods in a war situation. As U.S. forces disengage, American engineers will bequeath a rich legacy to the people of South Vietnam. Much of the construc­ tion completed for our forces will serve as a foundation for national development in the years ahead. Seven deep-draft ports exist where there was only one. Similarly, roads, bridges, utilities, and many airfields and other facilities will remain as valuable assets to the country. Perhaps the program's greatest impact has been upon the people themselves. Tens of thousands of Vietnamese have had an opportunity to learn American building techniques and many of them have become skilled welders, electricians, plumbers, carpen­ ters, and heavy-equipment operators. Their competence will con­ tribute immeasurably to the goal of economic viability. Many people have contributed to the preparation of this mono­ graph, to all of whom I am deeply grateful. I am particularly indebted to the following: Major General Daniel A. Raymond, Colonel Robert B. Burlin, Colonel Edward T. Watling, Lieutenant Colonel Gerald E. Boyer, Dr. Kenneth J. Deacon, Mr. Leon Albin, Mr. Charles J. Owen, and Mr. Boris Levine, Office, Chief of Engi­ neers; Lieutenant Colonel Robert J. Wallace and Major James H. Andrews, U.S. Army Engineer Center, Fort Belvoir. Also, I wish to express my gratitude to the Engineer Strategic Studies Group and the Directorate of Real Estate, OCE, for assistance rendered during development of the manuscript and to Major Robert W. Whitehead, Office, Chief of Engineers, who was the project officer for this monograph. My thanks to the friends and colleagues who read all or parts of this volume in manuscript form and who provided many impor­ tant corrections and helpful suggestions. These associates of mine cannot, of course, be held responsible for any views or interpreta­ tions which I have advanced. Washington, D.C. CARROLL H. DUNN 30 March 1972 Lieutenant General, U.S. Army VI Contents Chapter Page I. THE SETTING 3 II. ORGANIZING THE ASSISTANCE EFFORT . . 13 III. REAL ESTATE AND LAND ACQUISITION .. 29 IV. PLANNING AND THE CONSTRUCTION CONCEPT 37 V. THE BASES 50 VI. FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION 71 VII. FACILITIES ENGINEERING 89 VIII. THE ROAD PROGRAMS 99 IX. CONSTRUCTION LOGISTICS 113 X. LESSONS AND A LEGACY 132 GLOSSARY 149 INDEX 157 Tables No. Page 1. Construction Standards 45 2. Construction Appropriations 49 3. Electric Power Distribution 82 4. POL Capabilities 130 5. Major Base Camps 136 Charts 1. Command Structure in the Pacific 14 2. MACV Command Structure 15 3. Organization of MACDC, 1968 22 4. USARV Engineer Organization 24 5. Manpower 42 6. Facilities Maintenance Organization 95 7- MACV Road Cross Sections 101 vn Maps No. 1. Indochina Physiographic Regions 4 2. Land Lines of Communication, 1954 8 3. Provinces of South Vietnam 10 4. Corps Tactical Zones and Support Command Areas of Responsibility 39 5. Cam Ranh Bay 56 6. Qui Nhon 58 7- Seaports 60 8. Tactical Airfields, RVN, 1968 66 9. Hospitals 76 10. Electric Power Distribution 81 11. POL Facilities 128 12. Major Base Camps 135 13. The Greater Saigon Area 144 Illustrations Elements of 1st Cavalry Arrive 20 Early Construction at Cam Ranh Bay 51 A DeLong Pier Under Construction 54 First DeLong in Use 57 Two Caribous 64 Quarters Rise at Long Binh 74 Spiderlike Ducts for a MUST 75 Floating Power Plants 79 LARC V 85 BARC 86 Selection of Buildings Under Construction 88 Seabees in I Corps 91 Vietnamese Firefighter 97 Rock-Crushing Operation 104 Rock Drill 105 Sheepsfoot Roller 106 Scrapers Prepare a Right of Way 108 Vietnamese Engineers 110 Vietnamese Construction Workers 116 D-7 Tractor 120 Repair Parts for Nonstandard Equipment 123 viii