CLOVIS REVISITED New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico Frontispiece. EdgarB. Howard (foreground) excavatingmammothbonesattheClovisgravelpit, summer1933. University Museum Monograph 103 CLOVIS REVISITED New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico by Anthony T. Boldurian University ofPittsburgh at Greensburg and John L. Cotter The University ofPennsylvania Museum ofArchaeology and Anthropology Published by The University Museum University ofPennsylvania Philadelphia 1999 Design, editing, production Publications Department, UniversityofPennsylvania Museum Coverillustrations courtesyofSarah M. Moore LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Boldurian,AnthonyT. Clovis revisted :newperspectiveson Paleoindian adaptationsfrom BlackwaterDraw, New Mexico/ byAnthonyT. Boldurian and John L. Cotter. p. cm. -- (Universitymuseum monograph; 103) Includesbibliographical references. ISBN 0-92-417167-7 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN 0-92-417168-5 (pbk. :alk. paper) 1. Clovisculture. 2. Clovispoints--NewMexico. 3. Paleo-Indians--BlackwaterDraw Formation (Tex. and N.M.) I. Cotter, John L. II.Title. III. Series. E99.C832 B65 1999 976.418--dc21 99-6020 CIP Copyright © 1999 UNIVERSITYOF PENNSYLVANIA MUSEUM Philadelphia All rights reserved Printed in the United States ofAmerica Dedication To Edgar Billings Howard 1887-1943 Pioneer investigator ofearly humans in North America 1929-1941 This page intentionally left blank Table of Contents LISTOFFIGURES ix LISTOFTABLES xiii FOREWORD xv PREFACE xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xix CHAPTER1 EdgarB. Howard'sSouthwestEarlyManProject 1 Background 1 HistoricalSummary 3 StartingOut 3 BurnetCave 7 TheBlackwaterDraw 10 The Crewsand CampLife 13 More Discoveries 15 CHAPTER2 LatePleistoceneEnvironmentsandHumanEcologyofthe SouthernPlains:ASummaryandPerspective 21 Introduction 21 APaleoenvironmentalSketch 21 Stone Resources 23 EdwardsFormationCherts 23 AlibatesAgate 25 TecovasJasper 25 Orthoquartzites 25 InfluencesofPaleoenvironmentonPatternsofLandUse and Group Mobility 25 Broilo'sModel 26 CoreReduction 27 ClovisCore Reduction 28 FolsomCoreReduction 29 ConcludingNote 30 CHAPTER3 Research GoalsandAnalyticalMethods 31 Goalsofthe Study 31 Nature ofthe Collection 32 Vlll CLOVISREVISTED Subassemblage 32 Context 33 ASample Collection 36 MethodsandProceduresoftheAnalysis 36 UnmodifiedDebitage 37 FormedImplements 40 CHAPTER4 Descriptionofthe Collection 43 Introduction 43 GeneralParametersandLimitations 43 Inventoryofthe Specimens 45 Clovis 56 Folsom 73 ConcludingRemarks 89 CHAPTER5 AnalyticalComparisons 91 Introduction 91 Clovis 92 Blademaking 92 HuntingWeaponry 93 Folsom 105 Well-UsedWeaponTips 105 BrieflyUsed-WorkshopNew 108 MobileBifaceCores 108 RecycledTools 110 UltrathinBifaces 110 ParallelFlakedHorizon 111 Non-FlutedBifaces: Uses 111 SpecializedBifacialTools 112 CHAPTER6 ConcludingObservations 113 Introduction 113 ClovisAdaptations 113 Pan-ClovisToolKit:APerspective 113 Water: TheKeyResource 115 Clovis-FolsomRelationships 116 ClovisOrigins 117 Antecedents:AWestwardView 118 TheEasternWoodlands 118 OldWorldOrigins 119 Access: WestandEast 120 REFERENCESCITED 125 INDEX 139 List of Figures Figure 1. Folsom pointand associatedfossil bison ribsimbeddedin matrix 3 Figure 2. E. B. Howardin 1937,shownwith the Clovisbeveledbone artifactandmammothulnain situ 4 Figure 3. Guadalupe Peakand the Guadalupe Mountains, Culberson County,Texas, in 1930 4 Figure 4a. BasketMakerexcavationinLastChance Canyon, N.M., 1933 6 Figure4b. BasketMakerexcavationinLastChance Canyon, N.M., 1933 6 Figure5.The 1930CarlsbadExpeditionfield crew 7 Figure 6. BurnetCave, EddyCounty, N.M., in 1930 8 Figure 7. FolsomandFolsom-likepoints 9 Figure8. StratigraphicprofileofBurnetCave excavation 10 Figure 9. RidgelyWhiteman on the SouthernPlainsnearthe PecosRiver, NewMexico, ca. 1929 11 Figure 10.Flutedandunflutedprojectilepointsfrom the BlackwaterDraw 12 Figure 11.Typicalbasin site nearClovis, N.M., showingmammoth tuskweatheringoutofbluish-graysands 13 Figure 12. Excavation ofmammothbonesatthe ClovisgravelpitbyE. B. Howard, summer 1933 14 Figure 13.Artifactandbone associationsatthe Clovisgravelpit,summer1933 15 Figure 14. BlackwaterDrawLocalityNo.1, nearClovis, N.M., in 1933 16 Figure 15.MammothPitasseenfrom above, Clovisgravelpitexcavation, 1936 16 Figure 16.The 1936ClovisExpeditionfield crew 17 Figure 17.Type-Specimen Clovispointsandside scraperwith mammothbonesatMammothPit 17 Figure 18.The ClovisMammothPitexhibit,AcademyofNaturalSciences, Philadelphia 18 Figure 19.E. B. Howardatthe entranceofanunknown cavein the Guadalupe Mountains 19 Figure 20. Basemapofthe SouthernPlainswithselectPaleoindiansitesandstoneresource locations 24