CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 Volume 22 March PROLONGED CRITICAL ILLNESS: MANAGEMENT OF LONG-TERM ACUTE CARE, pages 1-223 June FLEXIBLE BRONCHOSCOPY UPDATE, pages 225-383 September PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, pages 385-598 December PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTING, pages 599-873 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. Abdominal surgery, upper, pulmonary function tests in, Airway(s), adult, foreign body removal from, 319-330. 706-707 See also Foreign bodies, in adult airways, removal of. Abuse, substance, pulmonary hypertension caused by, control and monitoring of, bronchoscopy for, 245-246 463 Airway endoscopy, complications of, 296-297 Acalculous cholecystitis, acute, in chronic critically ill Airway epithelial cells, bronchial brushing for, 343-347 patients, 142-143 Airway injury, traumatic, diagnostic uses of, 248 Achondroplasia, pulmonary function testing in, 765 Airway obstruction, upper, noninvasive ventilation for, Acute acalculous cholecystitis, in chronic critically ill 36-37 patients, 142-143 Alglucerase replacement therapy, pulmonary Acute arterial occlusion, in chronic critically ill patients, hypertension caused by, 464 140 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, noninvasive Altitude, and pulmonary hypertension, 466 ventilation for, 37-38 pulmonary function at, 796-798 Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, in chronic critically Altitude sickness, pulmonary function testing in, ill patients, 139-140 Acute coronary syndromes, in post acute ventilated Aminorex fumarate, pulmonary hypertension caused patients, treatment of, 177-179 by, 460-461 respiratory failure and, 175-177 Amphetamine(s), pulmonary hypertension caused by, Acute mesenteric ischemia, in chronic critically ill 462 patients, 140-141 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), pulmonary Acute pancreatitis, in chronic critically ill patients, function testing in, 774-775 143-144 Anaerobic threshold, measurement of, 686-687 Acute renal failure, in chronic critically ill patients, Anesthesia/anesthetics, in rigid bronchoscopy, 360-361 hemodialysis for, 169-170 local, bronchoscopic effects of, 256 in chronic critically ill patients, prognosis of, Angiography, pulmonary, in pulmonary embolism 165-167 diagnosis, 114-115 incidence of, 165 in pulmonary hypertension, 501 outcome following, 165-167 Angioscopy, pulmonary, assessment of, in pulmonary prevention of, 168-169 risk factors for, 167-168 hypertension, 503 treatment of, 168-172 Antibiotic(s), diarrhea caused by, antibiotic-associated, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 138 malnutrition and, 153-155 Anticoagulant(s), for pulmonary hypertension, 454, noninvasive ventilation for, 37 512-513, 521 Acute respiratory failure, noninvasive positive-pressure Anticoagulation, for venous thromboembolic disease, ventilation in patients with, 38-39 115 Adrenal insufficiency, in chronic critically ill patients, Antidepressant(s), pulmonary hypertension caused by, 199-201 4o4 Aerospace illnesses, pulmonary function testing in, Anti-inflammatory drugs, nonsteroidal, pulmonary 798-800 hypertension caused by, 463-464 Age, as factor in pulmonary hypertension, 465 Antimicrobial resistance, in chronic critically ill patients, Aggression(s), avoidance of, in pulmonary hypertension 87-103 prevention, 519 Candida sp., 95-96 Air-travel hypoxemia, pulmonary function testing in, coagulase-negative staphylococci, 94-95 801-804 Enterobacter sp., 90-91 862 CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 Antimicrobial resistance (Continued) Bronchoconstriction test, exercise-induced, in clinical epidemiology of, 87 exercise testing, 680 Escherichia coli, 90 Bronchology, development of, effects on, 227-229 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 90 documentation in, 373-379 B-lactamases, 89-90 information exchange in, 377-378 mechanisms of, 87-88 patient demographics in, 374 prevention of, 96-97 patient monitoring in, 374 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 91-92 procedure documentation in, 374-377 resistance gram-negative bacilli, 88-92 procedure record in, 373-374 resistant gram-positive cocci, 92-96 Bronchoprovocation testing, 651-659 Staphylococcus aureus, 93-94 agents used in, 651-653 vancomycin-resistant enterococci, 92-93 clinical utility of, 656-657 Antitachycardia devices, in chronic critically ill patients, in asthma screening, 656-657 187 interpretation of tests, 656 Appetite suppressants, pulmonary hypertension caused patient selection and preparation for, 654-656 by, 460-462 protocols in, 653-654 ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). standardization in, 653-654 Arrhythmia(s), cardiac, in chronic critically ill patients, technical factors in, 653-654 179-187. See also specific arrhythmia. Bronchoscope(s), battery, in modern medical ICU, Arterial blood gas analysis, in pulmonary embolism 252-253 diagnosis, 111 flexible, 281-299. See also Flexible bronchoscopes. Arthritis, rheumatoid, pulmonary function testing in, rigid, 356-359 727-729 ultrathin, in modern medical ICU, 253 Aspiration, bronchoscopy in diagnosis of, 247 Bronchoscopist(s), credentialing in, 369 Asthma, bronchoprovocation testing in, 656-657 practicing of, 368-369 exhaled carbon monoxide in, 819-822 training for, 365-372 exhaled nitrous oxide in, 826-829 live patient learning experiences, 369-371 noninvasive ventilation for, 36 Bronchoscopy, development of, effects on, 227-229 Atelectasis, bronchoscopy for, 244-245 flexible. See Flexible bronchoscopy. flexible bronchoscopy in children with, 313 for nonresponding venitilator-associated pneumonia, Atrial fibrillation, in chronic critically ill patients, reassessment of patient with, 274-275 179-181 future directions in, 235-237 Atrial septostomy, for pulmonary hypertension, 547-560 ethical implications of, 237-238 Atropy, exhaled carbon monoxide in, 822-823 health system-related issues in, 229-235 Automatic implantable defibrillators, in chronic historical background of, 225-239 critically ill patients, 187 communication developments in, 234-235 demographic and socioeconomic aspects in, 229 developments in technologies in, 229-235 energy transfer in, 231-232 Bacillus(i), gram-negative, resistant, 88-92 in twentieth century, 226-227 Bacteremia, bronchoscopy in ICU patients and, 257 in twenty-first century, 227 BAL. See Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). interventional technologies in, 233-234 Balanced Budget Act of 1997, effects on long-term introduction to, 226 hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, 8-9 navigation instruments in, 232-233 Balloon catheters, in foreign body removal, 322 prelude to, 225-226 Beraprost, for pulmonary hypertension, 535, 541 steering mechanisms in, 231 Bleeding, bronchoscopy in ICU patients and, 256 in mechanically ventilated patients, 248-250 gastrointestinal, stress ulceration and, in chronic criti- complications of, 257-258 cally ill patients, 135-138 in modern medical ICU, 241-261 Bone morphogenetic protein receptor-2 gene, primary bacteremia caused by, 257 pulmonary hypertension as, 484-499 battery bronchoscopes in, 252-253 Boyle’s law, 806-807 bleeding caused by, 256 Breathing, noisy, flexible bronchoscopy in children with, bronchospasm caused by, 256-257 312 cardiac problems related to, 256 Bronchial brushing, airway epithelial cells obtained by, complications of, 255-258 343-347 contraindications to, 253-255 Bronchial hyperresponsiveness, nonspecific, at work, diagnostic uses of, 246-248 pulmonary function tests for, 789-790 airway injury, 248 Bronchiectasis, exhaled carbon monoxide in, 823-824 aspiration, 247 Bronchiolitis, obliterative, pulmonary function testing optimal positioning of endotracheal and tracheos- in, 740-741 tomy tube, 247 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), in interstitial lung pneumonia, 247 disease, 331-341 smoke inhalation, 247-248 inflammatory cells and epithelial lining fluid obtained fever caused by, 257 by, 347 hypoxemia caused by, 255-256 technical aspects of, 331-332 indications for, 242-243 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, cellular profiles laryngospasm caused by, 256-257 and enzymes in, 271 local anesthesia effects on, 256 endotoxin concentrations in, 272 mortality related to, 257 intracellular organisms in, 272 risk factors for, 253-255 CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 863 sedatives effects on, 256 in lung volume reduction surgery, 683-684 technique of, 250-252 in preoperative evaluation of the elderly, 683 therapeutic indications for, 243-246 interpretation of, 691-697 airway control and monitoring, 245-246 normal response to, 689-691 atelectasis, 244-245 reasons for, 681 endobronchial obstruction, 245 unexplained dyspnea in, 682 foreign body removal, 246 Carmustine, pulmonary hypertension caused by, 463 hemoptysis, 243-244 Catheter(s), balloon, in foreign body removal, 322 retained secretions, 244-245 Central hypoventilatory disorders, noninvasive tracheobronchial stent placement, 245-246 ventilation for, 40-41 ultrathin bronchoscopes in, 253 Cerebrovascular accidents, noninvasive ventilation for, rigid, in twenty-first century, 355-364 45 Bronchospasm, bronchoscopy in ICU patients and, Chemotherapeutic agents, pulmonary hypertension 256-257 caused by, 463 Chest radiography, in pulmonary embolism diagnosis, 111 Chest wall, compliance of, 624-627 Calcium homeostasis, in chronic critically ill patients, elastic properties of, 623-627 201 Children, in flexible bronchoscopy, emerging role of, Cancer, lung, gene therapy for, 350-351 311-317 simple office spirometry in, 854-856 Cholescystitis, acalculous, acute, in chronic critically ill Candida sp., in chronic critically ill patients, 95-96 patients, 142-143 Carbon monoxide, as pulmonary function test, 817-824 Cholestatic jaundice, in chronic critically ill patients, 143 exhaled, after exposure to exogenous carbon monox- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ide, 819 diffusing capacity alterations in, 646 in asthma, 819-822 exercise response pattern in, 696 in atropy, 822-823 exhaled nitrous oxide in, 829-832 in bronchiectasis, 823-824 malnutrition and, 150-153 in critically ill persons, 824 noninvasive ventilation for, 36, 44 in cystic fibrosis, 823-824 simple office spirometry in, 856 historical background of, 817-819 Chronic pulmonary vascular disease, clinical exercise in medicine, 819 testing in, 683 Cardiac arrhythmias, in chronic critically ill patients, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, 179-187. See also specific arrhythmia. 561-581. See also Pulmonary hypertension, chronic Cardiac shunts, congenital systemic-pulmonary, and thromboembolic. pulmonary hypertension, 469 Cigarette smoking, pulmonary hypertension caused by, Cardiac stress test, in clinical exercise testing, 680-681 464 Cardiac surgery, pulmonary function tests in, 707 Clinical exercise testing, 679-701. See also Cardiac tamponade, in chronic critically ill patients, Cardiopulmonary exercise testing. 190-191 cardiac stress test in, 680-681 Cardiogenic shock, in chronic critically ill patients, cardiopulmonary exercise test in, 681 189-190 complications of, 685 Cardiologic problems, in chronic critically ill patients, constant work exercise in, 685 antitachycardia devices, 187 exercise limitation in, 691 automatic implantable defibrillators, 187 exercise-induced bronchoconstriction test in, 680 cardiac tamponade, 190-191 graded exercise test in, 680-681 cardiogenic shock, 189-190 interpretation of, 691-697 digoxin toxicity, 184-186 invasive exercise test in, 685 heart failure, 187-191 measurements in, 685-689 pacemakers, 186-187 methodology in, 684-685 in post acute ventilated patients, 175-192 protocols in, 684-685 Cardiopulmonary exercise testing. See also Clinical shuttle walking test in, 680 exercise testing. six-minute walk test in, 679 at work, 791 six-minute walk test on treadmill in, 679-680 clinical indications for, 681-684 types of, 679-681 disability evaluation in, 684 Clostridium difficile diarrhea, in chronic critically ill exercise intolerance in, evaluation of, 682 patients, 138 exercise limitation in, 691 Coagulase-negative staphylococci, 94-95 exercise prescription for pulmonary rehabilitation in, Coagulation, endothelial cell dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension effects on, 407 impairment evaluation in, 684 Cocci, gram-positive, resistant, 92-96 in chronic pulmonary vascular disease, 683 Colitis, ischemic, in chronic critically ill patients, 141 in clinical exercise testing, 681 Collagen vascular diseases, and pulmonary in cystic fibrosis, 683 hypertension, 468-469 in evaluation of patients with cardiovascular disease, pulmonary function testing in, 722 682 Colonic pseudo-obstruction, acute, in chronic critically in evaluation of patients with respiratory disease, ill patients, 139-140 682-683 Coma, myxedema, in chronic critically ill patients, 198 in heart-lung transplantation, 684 Communication, in bronchoscopy, historical background in lung cancer resection surgery, 683 of, 234-235 864 CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 Compliance, of chest wall, 624-627 D-dimer, in pulmonary embolism diagnosis, 111-112 Computed tomography (CT), high-resolutiom, in Deep venous thrombosis, contrast venography in, 108 pulmonary hypertension, 501-502 diagnosis of, 107-109 in pulmonary hypertension, 501 duplex ultrasonography in, 108-109 spiral, in pulmonary embolism diagnosis, 114 impedance plethysmography in, 108 Congenital systemic-pulmonary cardiac shunts, and MRI in, 109 pulmonary hypertension, 469 signs and symptoms of, 107 Congestive heart failure (CHF), diffusing capacity Defibrillator(s), automatic implantable, in chronic alterations in, 645-646 critically ill patients, 187 noninvasive ventilation for, 44-45 Dermatomyositis, pulmonary function testing in, 729 Constant work exercise, in clinical exercise testing, 685 Diabetes mellitus, in chronic critically ill patients, Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 193-196 oxygenation using, in chronic critically ill patients, glucose control in, 194-196 130 treatment of, 193-194 Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), in Diaphragm, in respiratory muscle testing, 661-662 chronic critically ill patients, 170-172 Diaphragm paralysis, pulmonary function testing in, Contraceptive(s), oral, pulmonary hypertension caused 778-779 by, 464 Diarrhea, antibiotic-associated, in chronic critically ill Contrast media, effect on thyroid function tests, 199 patients, 138 Contrast venography, in deep venous thrombosis, 108 Clostridium difficile, in chronic critically ill patients, COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 138 CPAP. See Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). factors associated with, in chronic critically ill pa- Critical illness, exhaled carbon monoxide in, 824 tients, 138-139 exhaled nitrous oxide in, 832 in chronic critically ill patients, 138-139 Critically ill patients, chronic. See also Gastrointestinal Digoxin toxicity, in chronic critically ill patients, 184-186 disorders, in chronic critically ill patients. Disability(ies), clinical exercise testing for, 684 acute ventilation in, cardiac problems associated Diuretic(s), for pulmonary hypertension, 513, 521 with, 175-192 Diving, fitness for, pulmonary function testing in, antimicrobial resistance in, 87-103. See also 811-813 Antimicrobial resistance, in chronical critically ill hazards related to, pulmonary function testing in, patients. 809-811 cardiac arrhythmias in, 179-187 pulmonary function changes associated with, 808-809 digoxin toxicity in, 184-186 pulmonary function testing related to, 806-808 endocrine problems associated with, 193-208. See Do-not-intubate patients, noninvasive ventilation for, 38 also Endocrine problems, in chronic critically ill Dopamine, effect on thyroid function tests, 199 patients. Dormia basket, in foreign body removal, 323 ethical issues in, 209-217. See also Ethical issues, in Drug(s), for pulmonary hypertension, 509-515. See also chronic critically ill patients. specific drug and Pulmonary hypertension, treatment evolution of care for, 1-11 of, drugs in. gastrointestinal problems in, 135-147 pulmonary hypertension caused by, 460-464. See also hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in, 199 specific drug. hypoxemia in, evaluation and management of, Duplex ultrasonography, in deep venous thrombosis, 123-134. See also Hypoxemia, in chronic critically 108-109 ill patients. nutrition in, 149-163. See also Nutritional support, in chronic critically ill patients. outcome in, 209-211 Echocardiography, in pulmonary embolism diagnosis, pacemakers in, 186-187 113-114 post acute ventilation in, cardiac problems transesophageal, in pulmonary hypertension, 500-501 associated with, 175-192 transthoracic, in pulmonary hypertension, 496-501 quality of life of, 209-211 Edema, pulmonary, acute cardiogenic, noninvasive respiratory infection in, 71-85. See also specific ventilation for, 37-38 infection. Eisenmenger syndrome, and pulmonary hypertension, microbiology of, 79-80 469 venous thromboembolic disease in, management of, Elastase activity, and alterations in extracellular matrix, 105-122. See also Venous thromboembolic disease, 434436 in chronical critically ill patients, management of. Elasticity, lung volumes and, 623-635 Cryotherapy, in foreign body removal, 324-325 Elderly, flexible bronchoscopy in, 301-309. See also Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, pulmonary Flexible bronchoscopy, in the elderly. function testing in, 740 preoperative evaluation of, clinical exercise testing in, CT. See Computed tomography (CT). 683 Cuffed oropharyngeal airway technique, of flexible Electrocardiography (ECG), in pulmonary embolism bronchoscopes, 289-290 diagnosis, 111 Cyclophosphamide, pulmonary hypertension caused by, in pulmonary hypertension, 496 Embolism, pulmonary. See Pulmonary embolism. Cystic fibrosis, clinical exercise testing in, 683 Endobronchial obstruction, bronchoscopy for, 245 exhaled carbon monoxide in, 823-824 Endocrine problems, in chronic critically ill patients, exhaled nitrous oxide in, 832 193-208 flexible bronchoscopy in children with, 313 adrenal insufficiency, 199-201 noninvasive ventilation for, 36 calcium homeostasis, 201 CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 865 diabetes mellitus, 193-196 failure of, causes of, 295-296 hypercalcemia, 201-202 flexible intubation by, 263-299 hypocalcemia, 202-203 problem-solving applications of, 284-292 hyponatremia, 204-205 changing endobronchial tubes in, 293-295 sodium balance, 203-205 combination techniques in, 290-291 thirst regulation, 204 cuffed oropharyngeal airway technique in, 289-290 thyroid conditions, 196-199 endobronchial intubation for separation of lungs, Endoscopy, airway, complications of, 296-297 292-293 Endoscopy mask technique, of flexible bronchoscopes, endoscopy mask technique in, 288-292 288-292 nasal approach to, 286-287 Endothelial cell dysfunction, in pulmonary nasopharyngeal airway technique, 289 hypertension, 407-416. See also Pulmonary oral approach to, 285-286 hypertension, severe, endothelial cell dysfunction in. patient preparation in, 285 Endothelial cell proliferation, in pulmonary preparation of equipment in, 285 hypertension, 410-412 tracheal intubation under general anesthesia in, Endothelial mediators, for pulmonary hypertension, 287-288 540-543 tracheal intubation under topical anesthesia in, 285 Endothelin, for pulmonary hypertension, 542-543 rigid, importance of, 314 Endothelium, pulmonary, proagulant activity and therapeutic applications of, 284 fibrinolytic function of, 453-454 versus rigid, in foreign body removal, 321-322 Endotracheal tube placement, bronchoscopy for, 247 Flexible bronchoscopy, confocal, 351-352 Endurance evaluation, in respiratory muscle testing, fluorescence, 351-352 672-673 in children, applications of, 312-314 Enterobacter sp., in chronic critically ill patients, 90-91 emerging role of, 311-317 Enterococcus(i), vancomycin-resistant, 92-93 for noisy breathing, 312 Epoprostenol, for pulmonary hypertension, 530-533 impact of, 312 Escherichia coli, in chronic critically ill patients, 90 instrumentation in, 311-312 Ethical issues, in chronic critically ill patients, 209-217 interventional uses of, 314-316 autonomy, 212-215 limitations of, 314 decision-making, 215-216 research related to, 314 futility, 212-215 with atelectasis, 313 justice, 212-215 with cystic fibrosis, 313 moral principles of care, 211-215 with persistent pneumonia, 313 Etoposide, pulmonary hypertension caused by, 463 with persistent wheezing, 32-313 Euthyroid sick syndrome, in chronic critically ill with suspected foreign body aspiration, 313-314 patients, treatment of, 197 in gene therapy, of lung disease, 347-351 Evian classication, of pulmonary hypertension, 3887-389 in molecular biology, 343-353 Exercise intolerance, evaiuation of, 682 in nosocomial pneumonia, 263-279 Exercise testing, clinical, 679-701. See also Clinical as diagnostic tool, 263-264 exercise testing. current status of, 275-277 invasive, in clinical exercise testing, 685 future of, 275-277 Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction test, in clinical impact on outcome, 272-274 exercise testing, 680 nonculture-based, 271-272 Expiratory muscles, in respiratory muscle testing, potential harms of, 266-267 662-663 protected specimen brush in, 265-266 Extracellular matrix, alterations in, elastase activity and, quantitative culture technique in, 264-265 434-436 validation of, by postmortem models, 268-270 and hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular disease, using not strictly independent references, 267-268 439-441 in the elderly, 301-309 in lung biopsy tissue, changes in, 433-439 clinical decision-making with, 306-307 in pulmonary hypertension, changes in, experimental future issues in, 307-308 models of, 444 general approaches to, 305-306 inflammatory changes in, 441 indications for, 301-305 safety concerns, 301-305 Flexible bronchoscopy simulator, 366-368 cost of, 369 Fenfluramine derivatives, pulmonary hypertension Flexible intubation, 263-299 caused by, 461-462 Flow-volume analysis, 602 Fever, bronchoscopy in ICU patients and, 257 Flow-volume curves, maximum effort, 609-620. See also Fiberoptic intubation. See also Flexible bronchoscopes. Maximum effort flow-volume curves. Fibronectin, and smooth muscle cell migration, 436-439 Forced expiration, tests of, 599-621 Fibrosis, cystic. See Cystic fibrosis. peak expiratory flow, 620-621 Fish-net basket, in foreign body removal, 323-324 physiologic basis of, 602-604 Fitness for flight duty, pulmonary function testing in, repeatability of, 607-608 800-801 selection of, 607-608 Flexible bronchoscopes, 281-299 spirometry, 599-602 advantages of, 296 technical aspects of, 604-609 complications of, 296-297 variation in normal population, 608 diagnostic applications of, 282-284 Forced expiratory vital capacity maneuver, performance disadvantages of, 296 of, 604-605 866 CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV,), 599-600 Hematologic conditions, and pulmonary hypertension, Forced inspiration, tests of, 599-621 470 peak expiratory flow, 620-621 Hemodialysis, for acute renal failure, in chronic physiologic basis of, 602-604 critically ill patients, 169-170 repeatability of, 607-608 Hemoptysis, bronchoscopy for, 243-244 selection of, 607-608 Henry’s law, 808 technical aspects of, 604-609 Hepatitis, ischemic, in chronic critically ill patients, 143 variation in normal population, 608 Herb toxins, pulmonary hypertension caused by, 463 Forced inspiratory vital capacity maneuver, Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and pulmonary performance of, 608-609 hypertension, 471-472 Forced vital capacity, vs. slow vital capacity, 600 Histiocytosis, Langerhans cell, pulmonary function Foreign bodies, aspiration of, flexible bronchoscopy in testing in, 736-737 children with, 313-314 HIV infection. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) bronchoscopy for, 246 infection. in adult airways, clinical presentation of, 320 HMOs. See Health maintenance organizations (HMOs). diagnosis of, 321-325 Hormone(s), and pulmonary hypertension, 465 bronchoscopic equipment in, 321-322 Hospital(s), long-term. See Long-term hospitals. incidence of, 319 Hospital within a hospital model, 9 removal of, 319-330 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and technique of, 326-328 pulmonary hypertension, 466—468 types of, 320 Hyperbaric environments, pulmonary function testing in, 806-813 Hypercalcemia, in chronic critically ill patients, 201-202 Hyperglycemia, in chronic critically ill patients, Gastrointestinal bleeding, stress ulceration and, in treatment of, 193-194 chronic critically ill patients, 135-138 physiology of, 193 Gastrointestinal disorders, in chronic critically ill Hypermetabolism, without malnutrition, 150-155 patients, 135-147 Hypersensitivity pneumonia, pulmonary function acute acalculous cholecystitis, 142-143 testing in, 733-735 acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, 139-140 Hypertension, pulmonary. See Pulmonary hypertension. acute mesenteric ischemia, 140-141 Hyperthyroidism, in chronic critically ill patients, 198 acute pancreatitis, 143-144 Hypobaric environments, pulmonary function testing cholestatic jaundice, 143 in, 796-806 diarrhea, 138-139 Hypocalcemia, in chronic critically ill patients, 202-203 gastrointestinal bleeding, 135-138 Hyponatremia, in chronic critically ill patients, 204-205 ischemic colitis, 141 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, in critical illness, ischemic hepatitis, 143 199 shock liver, 143 Hypothyroidism, in chronic critically ill patients, tube feeding and, 141-142 197-198 Gaucher's disease, and pulmonary hypertension, Hypoventilation, obesity, noninvasive ventilation for, 43 470-471 Hypoxemia, bronchoscopy in ICU patients and, 255-256 Gender, as factor in pulmonary hypertension, 465 in chronic critically ill patients, CPAP in, 130 Genetic(s), of primary pulmonary hypertension, evaluation and management of, 123-134 477-491. See also Pulmonary hypertension, primary, helium oxygen mixtures, 132 genetics of. mechanisms of, 123-126 Genetic linkage analysis, in familial primary pulmonary oxygen delivery systems, 129-130 hypertension, 484 oxygen toxicity in, 130-131 Genetic testing, in primary pulmonary hypertension, oxygenation assessment, 127-129 portable oxygen for ambulatory patients, 131-132 489-490 transport and delivery of oxygen to tissues, 126- Glucocorticoid(s), effect on thyroid function tests, 199 127 Graded exercise test, in clinical exercise testing, 680-681 Hypoxemic respiratory failure, noninvasive ventilation Gram-negative bacilli, resistant, 88-92 for, 37-38 Gram-positive cocci, resistant, 92-96 Hypoxia, effects on pulmonary hypertension, 519-520 Granuloma(s), pulmonary eosinophilic, pulmonary Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), 422-424 function testing in, 736-737 Grasping forceps, in foreign body removal, 322 ICU. See Intensive care unit (ICU). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary function Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), impact on testing in, 718-722 post-acute ventilation management, 4-7 lloprost, for pulmonary hypertension, 534-535 Heart failure, 187-191 inhaled, for pulmonary hypertension, 541 chronic, pulmonary function test abnormalities in, Immunonutrition, 158-159 754-756 Impairment(s), clinical exercise testing for, 684 congestive, noninvasive ventilation for, 44-45 Impedance plethysmography, in deep venous Heart rate, measurement of, 687 thrombosis, 108 Heart-lung transplantation, clinical exercise testing in, Indomethacin, pulmonary hypertension caused by, 463 684 Inhalation challenge test, at work, 790-791 Helium oxygen mixtures, in chronic critically ill Inheritance, and genetic anticipation, in primary patients, 132 pulmonary hypertension, 478-481 CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 867 Inotropic agents, for pulmonary hypertension, 513, timing of, 585-586 520-521 Lung volume(s), abnormality of, patterns of, 632-635 Inspiratory muscles, accessory, in respiratory muscle and elasticity, 623-635 testing, 662 determinants of, 631-632 in respiratory muscle testing, 662 measurement of, 628-631 Intensive care unit (ICU), bronchoscopy in, 241-261. See Lung volume reduction surgery, clinical exercise testing also Bronchoscopy, in modern medical ICU. in, 683-684 Interstitial lung diseases, bronchoalveolar lavage in, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, pulmonary function 331-341 testing in, 737-740 as research tool, 332-334 diffusing capacity alterations in, 646-647 exercise response pattern in, 696-697 pathophysiology of, 715 Magnet extractor, in foreign body removal, 324 physiologic abnormalities in, 715-718 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in deep venous pulmonary function testing in, clinical applications of, thrombosis, 109 718-741. See also specific disease. in pulmonary embolism diagnosis, 114 Ischemia, mesenteric, acute, in chronic critically ill in pulmonary hypertension, 502-503 patients, 140-141 Malnutrition, adverse effects of, 150-151 Ischemic colitis, in chronic critically ill patients, 141 COPD and, 150-153 Ischemic hepatitis, in chronic critically ill patients, 143 hypermetabolism without, 153-155 re-nutrition effect of, 152-153 without hypermetabolism, 150-155 Managed care, impact on post-acute ventilation Jaundice, cholestatic, in chronic critically ill patients, 143 management, 4—7 Marfan syndrome, pulmonary function testing in, 765 Maximal inspiratory flow, 604 Maximum effort flow—volume curves, 609-620 Klebsiella pneumoniae, in chronic critically ill patients, 90 airflow obstruction in, site localization of, 614-615 cough-generated, 617 special techniques in, 613-617 standard techniques in, 609-613 B-Lactamases, extended-spectrum, in chronic critically tidal flow-volume curves, 617-620 ill patients, 89-90 via nose, 615-617 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, pulmonary function Maximum expiratory flow, 602-604 testing in, 736-737 reduction of, lung recoil pressure in, 613-614 Laryngospasm, bronchoscopy in ICU patients and, Maximum oxygen volume, measurement of, 686 256-257 Maximum voluntary ventilation, 600-602 Laser(s), Nd-YAG, in foreign body removal, 325 Mechanical ventilation, bronchoscopy in patients with, Lesion(s). See specific types. 248-250 Lipid storage disorders, and pulmonary hypertension, complications of, 257-258 471 chronic, tracheostomy management in patients with, Liver, shock, in chronic critically ill patients, 143 55-70 Liver diseases, portal hypertension and, 468 complications of, 64-66 Long-term hospitals, development of, 2-3 cuff management, 58-60 effects of Balanced Budget Act of 1997 on, 8-9 general overview of, 55-56 evolution of, 3-4 humidification in, 60-61 future of, 9 introduction to, 55 in twenty-first century, 9-10 nutrition and, 62 levels of care in, 3 secretion clearance in, 61 versus skilled nursing facilities, 7-8 speech after, 61-62 Lung(s), elastic properties of, 623-627 tube care, 56-58 separation of, endobronchial intubation for, flexible weaning from, 63-64 bronchoscopes in, 292-293 noninvasive. See also Noninvasive positive-pressure ven- Lung cancer, gene therapy for, 350-351 tilation. simple office spirometry in, 854-856 adverse effects of, 49-51 Lung cancer resection surgery, preoprative evaluation applications of, 36-48 of, 683 for acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, 37-38 Lung diseases, gene therapy of, flexible bronchoscopy for ARDS, 37 in, 347-351 for asthma, 36 interstitial. See Interstitial lung diseases. for central hypoventilatory disorders, 40-41 obstructive, noninvasive ventilation for, 36-37 for cerebrovascular accidents, 45 Lung resection surgery, pulmonary function tests in, for congestive heart failure, 44—45 707-708 for COPD, 44 Lung transplantation, clinical exercise testing in, 684 for cystic fibrosis, 36 exhaled nitrous oxide in, 832 for hypoxemic respiratory failure, 37-38 for pulmonary hypertension, 583-593 for obesity hypoventilation, 43 choice of operation for, 586-587 for obstructive lung diseases, 36-37 complications of, 588-590 for pneumonia, 37 recipient selection for, 583-585 for post-acute care, 35-54 results of, 587-588 for restrictive lung disorders, 38 868 CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 Mechanical ventilation (Continued) historical background of, 824-825 for restrictive thoracic disorders, 38, 39-40 Nitrous oxide, exhaled, in asthma, 826-829 for trauma, 37 in COPD, 829-832 for upper airway obstruction, 36-37 in critically ill persons, 832 in difficult-to-wean patients, 41-43 in cystic fibrosis, 832 in do-not-intubate patients, 38 in lung transplantation, 832 in post-acute setting, 41-45 measurement of, 826 in postoperative patients, 38 production site of, 826 indications for, 36-48. See also specific disorder. Nonendothelium factors, for pulmonary hypertension, long-term, 39-45 543 rationale for, 35-36 Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation. See also prolonged, approach to patients requiring, 28-29 Mechanical ventilation, noninvasive. candidates for, 14 adverse effects of, 49-51 mortality associated with, 22-25 in acute respiratory failure patients, 38-39 outcomes of patients requiring, 15-18 in post-acute setting, implementation of, 4548 pathophysiology of, 18-21 monitoring and adaptation of, 48-49 population in, 13-14 Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, 140 site of care, 14-15 Nosocomial pneumonia, flexible bronchoscopy in, weaning from, 13-33 263-279. See also Flexible bronchoscopy, in nosocomial failure with, conditions associated with, 28 pneumonia. pathophysiology of, 18-21 NSAIDs. See Anti-inflammatory drugs, nonsteroidal. predictors of, 22-25 Nursing facilities, skilled, effects of Balanced Budget techniques in, 25-28 Act of 1997 on, 8-9 Mesenteric ischemia, acute, in chronic critically ill versus long-term hospital, 7-8 patients, 140-141 Nutritional support, after tracheostomy management in Mesenteric venous insufficiency, 140-141 patients with chronic mechanical ventilation, 62 Mitomycin-C, pulmonary hypertension caused by, 463 in chronic critically ill patients, 149-163 Mixed connective tissue disease, pulmonary function assessment of, 155-156 testing in, 729 candidates for, 156-157 Monoxide(s). See also specific type, e.g., Carbon complications of, 160-161 monoxide. energy needs, 157-158 exhaled, as pulmonary function tests, 817-836 goals of, 157 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). monitoring of, 159-160 Multifocal atrial tachycardia, in chronic critically ill nutrient delivery, 160 patients, 181-182 substrate mix in, 158 Multiple sclerosis, pulmonary function testing in, 776-777 Myasthenia gravis, pulmonary function testing in, 775-776 Obesity, and pulmonary hypertension, 465-466 Myocardial infarction, simple office spirometry in, exercise response pattern in, 697 855-856 physiologic changes in, 760-761 Myopathy(ies), pulmonary function testing in, 779 pulmonary function testing in, 759-763 Myxedema coma, in chronic critically ill patients, 198 Obesity hypoventilation, noninvasive ventilation for, 43 Obliterative bronchiolitis, pulmonary function testing in, 740-741 Obstructive lung diseases, noninvasive ventilation for, 36-37 Naproxen, pulmonary hypertension caused by, 463-464 Oral contraceptives, pulmonary hypertension caused by, Nasopharyngeal airway technique, of flexible bronchoscopes, 289 464 Overlap syndrome, pulmonary function testing in, 729 National Lung Health Education Program, 857-858 Oximetry, pulse, measurement of, 689 National Registry, on pulmonary hypertension, 386 Oxygen, portable, for ambulatory patients, 131-132 Nd-YAG laser, in foreign body removal, 325 toxicity of, in chronic critically ill patients, 130-131 Neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd-YAG) laser, transport and delivery to tissues, in chronic critically in foreign body removal, 325 ill patients, 126-127 Neuromuscular disease, pulmonary function testing in, Oxygen delivery systems, in chronic critically ill 769-781 patients, 129-130 ALS, 774-775 Oxygen therapy, for pulmonary hypertension, 513, 520 diaphragm paralysis, 778-779 supplemental, long-term, guidelines for, 127 flow-volume loops in, 770-772 Oxygenation, assessment of, in chronic critically ill in respiratory muscle strength, 773-774 patients, 127-129 lung volumes in, 772-773 using CPAP, in chronic critically ill patients, 130 maximum voluntary ventilation in, 773 Oxygen-related formulae, 126 multiple sclerosis, 776-777 myasthenia gravis, 775-776 myopathies, 779 Parkinson's disease, 777 Pacemaker(s), in chronic critically ill patients, 186-187 spinal cord injury, 777-778 Pancreatitis, acute, in chronic critically ill patients, spirometry in, 770 143-144 Nitric oxide, as pulmonary function test, 824-832 Paralysis, diaphragm, pulmonary function testing in, for pulmonary hypertension, 541-542 778-779 CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 869 Parkinson's disease, pulmonary function testing in, 777 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary function Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, in chronic testing in, 735-736 critically ill patients, 181-182 Pulmonary angiography, in pulmonary embolism Peak expiratory flow, tests of, 620-621 diagnosis, 114-115 Peak oxygen volume, measurement of, 686 in pulmonary hypertension, 501 Peripheral thrombotic lesions, 451-452 Pulmonary angioscopy, assessment of, in pulmonary Phenformin, pulmonary hypertension caused by, 464 hypertension, 503 Phrenic nerve stimulation, in respiratory muscle testing, Pulmonary arterial hypertension. See Pulmonary 670-672 hypertension. Physical activity, effects on pulmonary hypertension, Pulmonary arteries, potassium channels in, 424 518-519 Pulmonary edema, acute cardiogenic, noninvasive Platelet(s), in pulmonary hypertension, 454-456 ventilation for, 37-38 in thrombocytopenia, 454-455 Pulmonary embolism, 109-115 Platelet activation, in pulmonary hypertension, 455 arterial blood gas analysis in, 111 Plethysmography, impedance, in deep venous chest radiography in, 111 thrombosis, 108 clinical presentation of, 110-111 Pneumonia(s), bronchoscopy in diagnosis of, 247 D-dimer in, 111, 113 cryptogenic organizing, pulmonary function testing diffusing capacity alterations in, 646 in, 740 echocardiography in, 113-114 hypersensitivity, pulmonary function testing in, 733- electrocardiography in, 111 735 MRI in, 114 noninvasive ventilation for, 37 natural history of, 110 persistent, flexible bronchoscopy in children with, 313 pulmonary angiography in, 114-115 ventilator-associated, 71-85 spiral CT in, 114 bacterial reservoirs for, 77-78 ventilation-perfusion scanning in, 113 clinical features of, 78-79 Pulmonary endothelium, proagulant activity and incidence of, 71-73 fibrinolytic function of, 453-454 mortality associated with, 74-75 Pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma, pulmonary function nonresponding, reassessment of patient with, bron- testing in, 736-737 choscopy for, 274-275 Pulmonary function, case studies of, 837-843 pathogenesis of, 75-78 in specific conditions, 837-843 respiratory tract colonization in, 75-77 Pulmonary function test(s), abnormalities of, in risk factors for, 73-74 pulmonary vascular disease, 751-754 treatment of, 80-83 at work, 783-793 Polymyositis, pulmonary function testing in, 729 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 791 Portal hypertension, and liver diseases, 468 flow-volume loops in, 788-789 Potassium channels, and anorectic-induced pulmonary for nonspecific bronchial hyperresonsiveness, 789- arterial hypertension, 427 and chronic hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension, inhalation challenge test in, 790-791 425-427 peak expiratory measurements in, 787-788 in pulmonary arteries, 424 spirometry in, 785-787 Potential channels, in pulmonary circulation, static lung volume amd single breath diffusing ca- heterogeneity of smooth muscle and, 421-422 pacity for carbon monoxide in, 789 molecular biology, 420-422 carbon monoxide as, 817-824 vascular, in pulmonary hypertension, 419-420 exhaled monoxides as, 817-836 Prader-Willi syndrome, pulmonary function testing in, in chronic heart failure, 754-756 765 nitric oxide as, 824-832 Pregnancy Pulmonary function testing, altitude-related, 796-798 physiologic changes during, 763-764 at work, 795-816 pulmonary function testing during, 763-764 pulmonary hypertension during, 465 during recreation, 795-816 Premature atrial contractions, in chronic critically ill for surgery outside lung, 705-710 patients, 179 in achondroplasia, 765 Progressive systemic sclerosis, pulmonary function in aerospace illnesses, 798-800 testing in, 722-727 in air-travel hypoxemia, 801-804 Prostacyclin(s), for pulmonary hypertension, 529-537, in altitude sickness, 804-806 540-541 in cardiac surgery, 707 beraprost, 535 in fitness for flight duty, 800-801 clinical experiences with, 530-535 in hyperbaric environments, 806-813 epoprostenol, 530-533 in hypobaric environments, 796-806 iloprost, 534-535 in interstitial lung disease, 715-750. See also Intersti- mechanisms of action of, 529-530 tial lung diseases. rationale for, 529-530 in lung resection surgery, 707-708 uniprost, 533-534 in Marfan syndrome, 765 physiology of, 529 in neuromuscular disease, 769-781. See also Neuromus- Proteinosis, pulmonary alveolar, pulmonary function cular disease, pulmonary function testing in. testing in, 735-736 in obsesity, 759-763 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in chronic critically ill patients, in Prader-Willi syndrome, 765 91 in pregnancy, 763-764 Pseudo-obstruction, colonic, acute, in chronic critically in preoperative pulmonary evaluation, 703-712 ill patients, 139-140 in pulmonary hypertension, 503 870 CUMULATIVE INDEX 2001 Pulmonary function testing (Continued) hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and, 471-472 in pulmonary risk reduction, 710-712 HIV infection and, 466-468 in respiratory muscle testing, 666-667 hormonal influences on, 465 in split lung function studies, 708-710 hypoxia and, 519-520 in upper abdominal surgery, 706-707 indomethacin and, 463 Pulmonary gas exchange, measurement of, 688-689 lipid storage disorders and, 470-471 Pulmonary hypertension, age as factor in, 465 mitomycin-C and, 463 alglucerase replacement therapy and, 464 naproxen and, 463-464 altitude and, 466 NSAIDs and, 463-464 aminorex fumarate and, 460-461 obesity and, 465-466 amphetamines and, 462 oral contraceptives and, 464 anorectic-induced, potassium channels and, 427 pathobiology of, 405-432, 419-432, 433-449, 451-458 antidepressants and, 464 anticoagulant therapy in, 454 appetite suppressants and, 460-462 extracellular matrix in, and hypoxia-induced pul- assessment of, 493-508 monary vascular disease in, 439-441 chest radiogram in, 496 changes in, experimental models of, 444 clinical history in, 496 inflammatory changes in, 441 CT in, 501 extracellular matrix in lung biopsy tissue, high-resolution, 501-502 changes in, 433-439 ECG in, 496 fibronectin and smooth muscle cell migration in, follow-up, 505 436-439 future considerations in, 505 platelets in, 454456 MRI in, 502-503 tenascin and vascular smooth muscle cell prolifer- physical examination in, 496 ation, 436 prognosis in, 500 vascular potential channels in, 419-420 pulmonary angiography in, 501 pathology of, 393-404 pulmonary angioscopy in, 503 structural changes in, phenotypic alterations in pulmonary function testing in, 503 cells from subendothelium and inner medial right heart hemodynamic catheterization in, 503- layer, 398-403 505 phenformin and, 464 screening in, 493-495 physical activity and, 518-519 symptoms in, 496-505 platelet activation in, 455 transesophageal echocardiography in, 500-501 pregnancy and, 465, 519 transthoracic echocardiogrpahy in, 496-501 primary, as bone morphogenetic protein receptor—-2 ventilation—perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy in, 501 gene, 484-499 carmustine and, 463 clinical features of, 481-482 chemotherapeutic agents and, 463 familial, abnormalities associated with, 483 chronic, structural changes in, 394-403 incidence of, 478 chronic hypoxic, potassium channels and, 425-427 future directions in, 490 chronic thromboembolic, 561-581 genetics of, 477-491 clinical presentation of, 564-565 genetic linkage analysis in, 484 diagnostic evaluation of, 565-573 genetic testing in, 489-490 natural history of, 561-564 historical perspective on, 477-478 outcome following, 576-577 inheritance and genetic anticipation in, 478-481 postoperative course of, 574-576 mechanisms of disease in, 488-489 surgical approach to, 574-576 lung transplantation for, 583-593. See also Lung surgical selection for, 573-574 transplantation, for pulmonary hypertension. clinical classification of, 385-391 pathology of, 483-484 clinical pathologic correlations in, 389-390 structural changes in, 393-394 Evian classification, 3887-389 race as factor in, 465 meeting in Evian, France, 1998, 386-389 rare diseases and, 470-471 National Registry, 386 Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome and, 471-472 World Health Organization meeting, Geneva, 1973, risk factors for, 459-475 385-386 demographic factors, 465-466 collagen vascular diseases and, 468-469 medical conditions, 465-472 congenital systemic—-pulmonary cardiac shunts and, thrombotic, 466 469 serotonin in, 455-456 cyclophosphamide and, 463 severe, endothelial cell dysfunction in, 407-416 differential diagnosis of, 499 coagulation effects, 407 treatment of, drugs in, 460-463 endothelial cell proliferation, 410-412 Eisenmenger syndrome and, 469 presence of microsatellite instability and muta- etoposide and, 463 tions in cell arrest or apoptosis genes, 412- experimental, inflammation and extracellular 415 matrix changes in, 444 surrogate markers, 415-416 reversibility of, 444-446 vasoconstriction effects, 407-410 familial history and, 465 VSMC growth effects, 407-410 fenfluramine derivatives and, 461-462 splenectomy and, 466 Gaucher’s disease and, 470-471 substance abuse and, 463 gender as factor in, 465 systemic, 465 hematologic conditions and, 470 thrombotic lesions in, 451-452