CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 Volume 17 March THE LUNG IN LIVER DISEASE, pages 1-173 June THE SEPSIS SYNDROME, pages 175-353 September RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANICAI VENTILATION, pages 355-619 December PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF HIV INFECTION, pages 621-822 Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type ABGs. See Arterial blood gas(es) tracheal gas insufflation, 568 Abscess(es), lung, in illicit drug users, 801 Acute respiratory failure (ARF), described, 513 N-Acetylcysteine, for ARDS, 227 hypoxemic, pediatric, noninvasive ventilation for, for sepsis, 297-299 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). See also in asthmatics, noninvasive ventilation for, 522-524 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, prognostic markers acute respiratory failure in, noninvasive ventilation of, 676-678 for, 530-531 noninvasive ventilation for, 513-553. See also Noninva defined, 621 sive ventilation interstitial lung disease and, 634 postextubation, and difficult weaning, macrophage alveolitis and, mechanisms in, 638 Adenovirus infection, of lung, in HIV infection, 750 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and, 621 Adhesion molecules ypolysaccharide-induced prevalence, 621 sepsis syndrome pulmonary complications, demographic factors in, Adnoviral infections g liver transplantation, 624-625 108 ACTG 116B/117, for HIV infection, 651-652 Adrenergic drugs, gas exchange effects on, 60 ACTG 155, for HIV infection, 652-653 Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), N- ACTG 175, for HIV infection, 650-652, 653 acetylcysteine for ACTG 229, for HIV infection, 653 anti-cytokines for Acute lung injury, current concepts of, 213-235 anti-endotoxins for ventilatory management of, pressure-targeted ap- as component of multiple-organ dysfunction syn- proach to, 571-572 drome, 216 Acute respiratory distress, mechanical ventilation and, causes, 215 441-442 clinical evaluation i1 O Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), corticosteroids for barotrauma versus volutrauma in, 560 CT in, 216-217 mechanical ventilation in, modes of, 570-571 defined, 213 noninvasive ventilation for, 528-529 described, 128 PEEP in, 560-563 epidemiology, 214-216 permissive hypercapnia in, 565 fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 17 tidal compliance in, 563 following liver transplantation, 104 tidal recruitment in, 563 in acute lung injury, 128 ventilator-induced, 556—560 in liver cirrhosis, 147-148 ventilatory management of, 555-575 in sepsis, 213-235 adjuncts to, 565-570 frequency of, 215-21¢ extrapulmonary gas exchange, 566 ketoconazole for, 227 high-frequency ventilation in, 563-566 mechanical ventilation in, 229 nitric oxide, 568-570 nitric oxide for, 228 partial liquid ventilation, 567-568 outcome from, 230 pressure-targeted approach to, 571-572 perflubron for, 227-228 prone positioning, 566-567 permissive hypercapnia in, 229 prostacyclin, 568-570 prevalence, 214-216 surfactant administration, 566 prone position ventilation in, 229-230 810 CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (Continued) clinical features, 739-740 pulmonary edema in, treatment, 229 diagnosis, 740 pulmonary intravascular phagocytosis and, 148-149 epidemiology, 739 sepsis in treatment, 228 microbiology of, 739 surfactant replacement for 797 prevention, 741 treatment, 226-228 treatment, 740-741 vasodilators for, 227 Aspiration, interbronchial, 597 Afterload, defined, 238 Aspirin, for sepsis, 290-291 AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Asthma, acute respiratory failure in, noninvasive \irway(s), difficult, tube placement into, 355 ventilation for, 522-524 Airway disease upper, in HIV-infected children, 792 HIV infection in illicit drug users and, 804 Airway management, in critically ill patients, algorithm Atelectasis, acute respiratory failure in, noninvasive for, 358 ventilation for, 532 prolonged, intubation for, 370-373 71 following liver transplantation, 104 tracheotomy for, 371-372 HIV infection in illicit drug users and, 804 Airway occlusion pressure, during mechanical Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), in hepatopulmonary ventilation, 460 syndrome, 153-154 Airway pressure(s), in respiration, 577-579 Augustine Guide, for orotracheal intubation, 362, 363 Airway pressure profile, during mechanical ventilation, Auto—PEEP. See Auto—positive end-expiratory pressure measurement of, 465 (PEEP) Airway resistance in COPD 579-580 Auto-positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and Almitrine bismesylate, gas exchange effects on, 59-60 dynamic hyperinflation, 379-394 Alveolar macrophages, in lungs of HIV-infected with flow limitation, 380-383 patients, 638-640 without flow limitation, 383 23 85 cytokine release, 639-640 described, 379 phenotypic features, 638-639 during mechanical ventilation, measurement of, Alveolitis, lymphocytic, HIV-related, pathogenesis 465 635-636 in clinical management, 388-391 in HIV infection, 765-766 in COPD, 379-394 macrophage AIDS-related, mechanism in, 638 in pressure-controlled ventilation, 401, 403 neutrophilic, in HIV-infected patients, 640 in respiration, 577-579 Aminoglycoside(s), for sepsis, 179 in volume-cycled ventilation, 396-398 Amphotericin B, for cryptococcosis, 728-729 measurement of, 388-391 Anastomosis(es) portal vein to-pulmonary vein, in physiologic mechanisms of, 380-388 chronic liver disease, 3-6 rationale for, 380-388 pulmonary artery-to-pulmonary vein, through pleural without dynamic hyperinflation, 385-388 channels in chronic liver disease, 2-3 AZT. See Zidovudine Anergy testing, in HIV-infected patients, 699 Angiography, pulmonary, in hepatopulmonary syndrome, 42-44 Anti-cytokine(s), for ARDS, 226-227 Bacteremia, defined, 175 for sepsis 310-313 Bacteria, gram-negative, sepsis syndrome due to Anti-endotoxin(s), for ARDS, 226-227 183-184 for sepsis 309-310 Bacterial infections, in HIV-infected children, 791 Antioxidant(s), as inflammatory mediator in sepsis, 205 in HIV-infected patients, fiberoptic bronchoscopy for, for sepsis 295-29 Antiretroviral therapy, for HIV infection, 647-662. See Barbiturate(s), for translaryngeal intubation, 366 also specific drugs and Human immunodeficiency Barotrauma, during mechanical ventilation, 445 rus (HIV) nfection, antiretre wiral therapy for versus volutrauma, in ARDS, 560 x,-Antitrypsin deficiency, 67-74 Baseline pressure, minimization of, 412 described, 67-70, 151 152 Benzodiazepine(s), for translaryngeal intubation, 366 features 152 Bile duct ligation model, in experimental liver disease, 71-72 medical therapy for 141-143 National Institutes of Health Registry for 73-74 Biliary cirrhosis, rats with, hemodynamic studies, natural history, 70-71 137-138 organ transplantation for, expectations from, 72-73 Blastomycosis, 736-737 treatment, 152 clinical features, 737 Arachidonic acid metabolites, in hepatopulmonary diagnosis, 737 syndrome, 154 epidemiology, 736-737 in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis syndrome, 190 microbiology of, 736 ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome Adult prevention, 737 respiratory distres syndrome treatment, 737 I Arginine—nitrous oxide pathways, biochemical aspects Blood cultures, in sepsis, 177-178 of, 334 Blood gas(es), arterial, in hepatopulmonary syndrome, Arterial blood gas(es) (ABGs), measurement of, 453-454 40-41 timing of sampling, 453-454 Blood tests, in pulmonary disease evaluation in HIV- Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, in pulmonary infected patients, 772-77 disease evaluation in HIV-infected patients, 771-772 BMS 019, for HIV infection, 652 Arteriovenous shunting, in liver cirrhosis, 50-51 Bordetella sp., infections due to, in HIV-infection, 751 Aspergillosis, 739-741 Bougie, gum elastic, 359, 360 ATIVE INDEX 1996 811 Bradykinin antagonists, for sepsis, 200 bronchodilators in, 586—588 Breath(s), pressure-limited, enhancements in, 415-416 controlled hypoventi yn with permissive hypercap- Breathing, work of, during mechanical ventilation, nia, 585—586 measurement of, 467 corticosteroids in, 586—588 Breathing pattern, measurement of, during mechanical expiratory flow limitation in, 580-581 ventilation, 460—462 mechanical ventilatior 577-590 Bristol-Myers Squibb 010, for HIV infection, 652 pulmonary hyperinflation, 581-585 Bronchiectasis, in illicit drug users, 801 respiratory mecha 577-581 Bronchitis, in illicit drug users, 801 noninvasive ventilatior Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), in pulmonary outcome following complications of HIV infection, 422. — PEEP in, 580-581 Bronchodilator(s), in respiration, 586-588 Cidofovir, for CMV, 659 Bronchogenic carcinoma, HIV infection.i n illicit drug Circuit resistance, in mechanical ventilation, 432 users and, 804 . ’ Cirrhosis, biliary, rats hemodynamic studies, Bronchopleural fistula, lung separation “ue to, 598-599 137-138 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 603 hypoxic pulmonary onstriction in, 138-140 Bronchoscope(s), flexible fiberoptic, translaryngeal liver, 49-66 intubation with, 358 ARDS in, 147-148 Bronchoscopy, fiberoptic, in ARDS evaluation, 217 chronic, pulmonary avascular macrophages in, in pulmonary disease evaluation in HIV-infected 132-133 patients, 775-778 gas exchange impair at rest, 50-55 Bullous disease, HIV infection in illicit drug users and, mechanisms of, 49-66 801-802 pathogenesis, 58-59 pulmonary intra ar macrophages in, incuction of, mechanisms f 145-146 vascular permeability changes in, 140-141 Calcification, pulmonary, following liver primary biliary, 74 transplantation, 105-106 Clindamycin-primaquin« wx Pneumocystis carinii Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), in pneumonia, 682-68 hepatopulmonary syndrome, 153 Coaxial techniques, it »aration, 592 alcium homeostasis, alterations in, in sepsis-induced Coccidioidomycosis, 7 metabolic alterations, 255-257 clinical features Cancer, lung, in HIV-infected patients, 759-760 diagnosis, 734-735 andida species, hepatic cytokine production in, 89-90 epidemiology, 734 andidiasis, 741-743 microbiology of clinical features, 741-742 prevention, 735 diagnosis, 742 treatment, 735 epidemiology, 741 Colony-stimulating factors, ir sepsis, 320 in HIV infection, 726 Complement, as inflam: tory mediator in sepsis, 203 prevalence, trends in, 623 in lipopolysaccharide juced sepsis syndrome, 190 prevention, 742-743 Compliance, effective dynamic, during mechanical treatment, 742 ventilation, measurement of, 463 apillary(ies), alveolar, dilated, in chronic liver disease, static, during mecha entilation, measurement of, 6-5 462-463 Capnography, 457-460 Computed tomography (CT), in ARDS evaluation, arbon dioxide removal, during high-frequency 216-217 ventilation in newborns, 611 in pulmonary diseas« aluation in HIV-infected pa- extracorporeal, in mechanical ventilation, 492-493 tients, 768-769 in mechanical ventilation, adjuncts to, 492-498 Computer(s), in weaning from mechanical ventilation, in neonatal mechanical ventilation, 608-609 486 arbontetrachloride model, in experimental liver Continuous positive pressure (CPAP), for COPD disease, 143-144 patients with acute espiratory failure, 516 Cardiac dysfunction, during septic shock, 237-248. See mask, clinical application of, 518-520 also Septic shock, cardiac dysfunction during COPD. See Chron t } pulmonary disease Cardiogenic pulmonary edema, acute respiratory Corticosteroid(s), for ARDS, 226 distress in, noninvasive ventilation for, 526-528 for Pneumocyst pneumonia, 683-684 Catheter(s), endotracheal tube exchange over, 359, 361 gas exchange effects gum elastic bougie, 359, 360 in respiration, 586-588 CD4+ cells, in lungs of HIV-infected patients, 634-635 Cricothyroidectomy CD8 cells, in lungs of HIV-infected patients, 635 Cryptococcosis, 727 Cefuroxime, for sepsis, 179 clinical features Chest radiography, in pulmonary disease evaluation in diagnosis 728 HIV-infected patients, 768-769 epidemiology, 727 Children, HIV infection in, 787-796. See also Human in HIV-infection immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in children microbiology of, 72 hypoxemic acute respiratory failure in, noninvasive prevalence, trends in, 62 ventilation for, 532-533 prevention, 730 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), airway treatment, 728-730 resistance in, 579-580 Cryptosporidiosis, bronchopulmonary, in HIV infection, auto—PEEP in, 379-394, 577-579 812 CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 ryptosporidiosis (Continued) double-lumen, for endotracheal intubation, 362, 363 prevalence, trends in, 623 in lung separation, 592-596 T. See Computed tomography in lung separation, 591-592 yclooxygenase inhibitors, for sepsis, 289-292 malposition of, complications due to, 369 yclophosphamide, gas exchange effects on, 60 Endotracheal tube exchange over a catheter, 359, 361 ystic fibrosis, and lung transplantation, acute Epinephrine, for sepsis, 282 respiratory failure associated with, noninvasive Epithelial cells, in inflammatory cell activation in sepsis, ventilation for, 525 208-209 ytokine(s), as inflammatory mediator in sepsis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), following liver 203-204 transplantation, 108 biology, in liver disease, 89 of lung, in HIV infection, 749 induction of, in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis Erythromycin, for sepsis, 179 syndrome, 185-190 E-selectin, in sepsis-:nduced lung injury, 220 kinetics, during nonbacteremic versus bacteremic he- Esophageal tubes, placement of, detection of, 365-366 patic oxidative stress, 90 Esophageal-tracheal Combitube (ETC), for endotracheal macrophage-derived, lung damage due to, 640 intubation, 364-365 release of, by alveolar macrophages in HIV-infected Estrogen, and induction of pulmonary intravascular patients, 639-640 macrophages in liver cirrhosis, 145-146 transcription and secretion of, in sepsis-induced lung Ethical issues, in intubation, 372-373 injury, 218-219 Etomidate, for translaryngeal intubation, 366 ytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, following liver Exercise, gas exchange during, 55-58 transplantation, 107-108 Expiratory flow limitation, assessment, 391 in HIV-infected children, 790 in COPD, 580-581 in HIV-infected patients, blood tests for, 773 Extrapulmonary gas exchange, in ARDS, 566 new developments in, 658-660 Extrapulmonary infection, Pneumocystis varinii prevalence, trends in, 623 pneumonia and, 678-679 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis, in HIV infection, Extubation, criteria for, in weaning from mechanical 746-748 ventilation, 478 tracheal, 369-370 ddC, for HIV infection, 650 Facial skin necrosis, noninvasive ventilation and, 545 ddl, for HIV infection, 650-651 Fey receptors, in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis Dobutamine, for sepsis, 282-283 syndrome, 191 Dopamine, for sepsis, 282 Fentanyl, for translaryngeal intubation, 367 Drug users, illicit, HIV infection in, 797-807. See also Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, in ARDS evaluation, 217 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in in pulmonary disease evaluation in HIV-infected pa- § druo iTuy Users tients, Dynamic hyperinflation, in mechanical ventilation, Fighting the ventilator, mechanical ventilation and 429-430 441-442 ventilatory determinants of, 582-583 - Fistula(s), bronchopleural, lung separation due to, 598-599 Flow delivery, in mechanical ventilation, 431-432 Flow limitation, auto-PEEP and dynamic hyperinflation Echocardiography, contrast-enhanced, in with, 380-383 hepatopulmonary syndrome, 41-42 auto-PEEP and dynamic hyperinflation without, 383 Edema, pulmonary, cardiogenic, acute respiratory 385 distress in, noninvasive ventilation for, 526-528 Flow profile, in volume-cycled ventilation, 399-400 in liver transplant recipients, 100-101 Flow rate, in volume-cycled ventilation, 398-399 Education, for noninvasive ventilation, 545 Flow—volume curves, during mechanical ventilation Effusion(s), pleural, 76-77 measurement of, 465-466 following liver transplantation, 104 Fluconazole, for cryptococcosis, 728-730 in liver transplant recipients, 101-102 Flucytosine, for cryptococcosis, 728-730 Emphysema, HIV infection in illicit drug users and, Fluid(s), in sepsis, 279-281 801-802 Flumazenil, for translaryngeal intubation, 366 End-expiratory lung volume, importance of, in ARDS, Foscarnet, for CMV, 659 960-563 Fungal infections, in HIV-infected children, 791 Endobronchial blockers, in lung separation, 591 in HIV-infected patients, 725-744 Endocarditis, in illicit drug users, 800-801 blood tests for, 772-773 overlap disease, 741-743 Endothelial activation, nitric oxide and, 341 phagocyte opportunists in, 739-741 Endothelial cells, as inflammatory mediator in sepsis, T-cell opportunists in, 727-739 207-209 new developments in, 657 Endothelium, described, 21 Fungal pneumonia, following liver transplantation, 109 Endothelium-derived relaxing factor, 154-155 in illicit drug users, 801 Endotoxemia, pulmonary intravascular macrophages in, Fungal sepsis, hepatic cytokine production in, 89-90 r3y)2 -133 Endotoxin, as inflammatory mediator in sepsis, 201-203 Endotracheal intubation, equipment for, 362-366 Endotracheal tube(s), blood from, during mechanical Gallium (Ga-67) scanning, in pulmonary disease ventilation, 446-447 evaluation in HIV-infected patients, 769-777 71 CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 813 Ganciclovir, for CMV, 659, 660 Histoplasmosis, 730 Gas exchange, at rest, 50-55 clinical features, 72|4 _729 historical background, 50-51 diagnosis, 732 MIGET, 51-55 epidemiology, 730 during exercise, 55-58 in HIV-infected patients, blood tests for, 772-773 during mechanical ventilation, 453-460 microbiolog y of, 730 external intervention effects on, 59-62 prevention, = a / ) , extrapulmonary, in ARDS, 566 treatment, 7 -3 a5 impairment in, in liver cirrhosis, mechanisms of, 49- HIV infection. See Human immunodeficiency virus 66. See also under Cirrhosis, liver, gas exchange im (HIV) infection pairment in Homeostasis, calcium perfluorocarbon-associated, for improving oxygen- metabolic alteration ation, in mechanical ventilation, 502-504 normal, 255-2 Gastric distention, noninvasive ventilation and, 544 HSV. See Herpes simp ‘ Gastrointestinal tract, nitric oxide and, 342 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. See Glucagon, in hepatopulmonary syndrome, 152-153 also Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Glucose, metabolism of, in sepsis, 251-253 ACTG 116B/117 for, 65 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and neutrophil ACTG 155 for, 652-653 function, 322-323 ACTG 175 for, 650-652 in infected hosts, 323-327 ACTG 229 for, 653 in sepsis, 320-322 anergy testing in, 699 Gum elastic bougie, 359, 360 antiretroviral therapy f ACTG 116B/117, 652 ACTG 155, 653 Haemophilus influenzae, in HIV-type 1 infection, 713,a ACTG 175, 651, 65 ACTG 229, 654 714-715 AZT, 647, 649-651 Heart, physiology of, 237-238 Hemoptysis, massive, 596 BMS 019, 653 Bristol-Myers Squibt Hepatic cytokine secretory capacity, 88-89 Hepatic hydrothorax, 76-77 ddC, 650 Hepatic oxidative stress, nonbacteremic versus ddl, 650 NUCA 3001, 652 bacteremic, cytokine kinetics during, 90 Hepatic veno-occlusive disease, 76 NUCA 3002, 654 Hepatitis C, chronic, 75-76 NUCB 3002, 654 Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, 157-162 AZT for, 649-655 biologic properties, 160-162 BMS 019 for, 652 Bristol-Myers Squibt for, 652 described, 157 158 genomic structure, 158-159 clinical manifestations, 647-662 protein-structure-function relationships, 159 ACTG 175, 650-652 Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor, CMV and, os blood tests 159-160 ddC for, 650 Hepatopulmonary syndrome, 1, 35-48, 152-155 ddl for, 650-651 animal models of, 13377 -141 immune funcatio n aff clinical manifestations, 39-40 in children, 787-796 described, 35 bacterial infections diagnostic modalities in, 40-44 linical course Of hypoxemia in, mechanism of, 36-37 CMV infection intrapulmonary vascular dilatations in, mechanism of, fungal infections 37-38 Kaposi's sarcoma liver diseases associated with, 39 maternal-fetal transmi 7 e liver transplantation for, 115-123 Mycobacterium TRC ETE infection, 790 early history, 115-116 noninfectious disor 792 future prospects, 121 opportunistic infections, 7 791 recent experience with, 116-118 Pneumocystis ca neumonia remaining uncertainties associated with, 121 tuberculosis, 789 resolution following, 119-121 upper airway dis¢ pathophysiology, 36 viral infections " pulmonary hemodynamics, 38-39 with respiratory symptoms, 792 resolution of, following liver transplantation, 119-121 in illicit drug users, 797-807 reversibility of, predictors of, 118-119 noninfectious complications, 801-804 treatment, 44—46 pathophysiology Herpes simplex virus (HSV), following liver pulmonary infections du 799-801 transplantation, 108 in its second decade Herpes simplex virus (HSV) pneumonitis, in HIV inhaled, HIV infectior 804—805 infection, 748-749 intensive care of patients with, 627-629 Herpesvirus infections, in HIV infection, 746-749 lymphocytic alveolitis in, 765-766 High-frequency ventilation (HFV), 417-419 lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis in, 763-766 in ARDS, 563-566 malignancies with, Kaposi's sarcoma, 755-758 High-pressure alarm, repeated, mechanical ventilation lung cancer, 759-76 and, 442-445 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 758-759 814 CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dynamic, auto—-PEEP and, 379-394 infection (Continued) auto—PEEP without, 385-388 pulmonary complications, 755-761 in mechanical ventilation, 429-430 mycobacterial complications, 697-711 ventilatory determinants of, 582-583 diagnosis, 699-700 pulmonary, in COPD, 581-585 mycobacterial diseases with, 701 Hypertension, portal noncirrhotic, 76 new developments in, 655-660 pulmonary. See Pulmonary hypertension nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in, 764-765 Hypotension, mechanical ventilation and, 440-441 NUCA 3001 for, 651 Hypoventilation, controlled, with permissive NUCA 3002 for hypercapnia, 585-586 NUCB 3002 for, 653 in liver cirrhosis, 50 of lung T lymphocytes, 641-642 Hypoxemia, arterial, in liver transplant recipients, of pulmonary macrophages, 641 99-100 pathogenesis of, 647-649 mechanical ventilation and, 445-446 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and, 621. See Pneumo mechanism of, 36-37 ystis carinii pneumonia, in HIV-infected patients transient, noninvasive ventilation and, 544-545 pulmonary complications, alveolar macrophages in, Hypoxemic respiratory failure, noninvasive ventilation 638-640 for, 525-526 approach to patients with, 767-785 Hypoxic pulmonary vascoconstriction (HPV), in arterial blood gas analysis for, 771-772 cirrhosis, 138-140 blood tests for, 772-7o7n3 bronchoalveolar lavage for, 633 chest radiography for, 768-769 CT for, 768-769 Ibuprofen, for sepsis, 291-292 fiberoptic bronchoscopy for, 775-776 Imipenem, for sepsis, 179 fungal, 725-744. See also Fungal infections, in HIV Immune system, HIV infection effects on, 633-645. See also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection nfection immunologic-related, 633-645 pulmonary, complications lymphocyte compartmentalization, 634-638 respiratory tract-related, components of, 633-634 Immunity, nitric oxide and, 342 overview, 621-631 Immunosuppression, advanced, defined, 621 pleural disease, 778-780 Immunotherapy, for sepsis, 307-317 polymorphonuclear cells, 640-641 Impedance, components of, 395 pulmonary function tests for, 771 Independent lung ventilation, 591-601 pulse oximetry for, 772 clinical considerations, 596-599 radionuclide scans for, 769-771 Infection(s), defined, 175 respiratory symptoms, 625-626 extrapulmonary, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and, sputum examination for, 773-775 678-679 ICR repertoire in, 636-637 gram-negative, pathogenesis, 307-309 thoracoscopy for, 778 Infectious diseases, prevalence, trends in, 623 thoracotomy for, 778 Inflammation, in sepsis, mediators and modulators of, transthoracic needle aspiration for 201-205 z types 626 627 Inflammatory cascade, interleukin—18’s effects on, in pulmonary defenses and, 633-641 lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis syndrome, 188 pulmonary function in, 626 tumor necrosis factor-a’s effects on, in lipopolysaccha- pulmonary immunocompetent cells in, 641-642 ride-induced sepsis syndrome, 186-187 tuberculin skin testing in, 699 Inflammatory cell activation, in sepsis, markers of tuberculosis and, 697-702. See also Tuberculosis, in 205-209 H1V-infected patients Inflammatory mediators, in sepsis-induced MOFS, viral infections in, 745-754. See also Viral infections hepatic production and export of, 88-90 ilmonary, in HIV -infection metabolic inactivation of, 90-91 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection study, Inflammatory reaction, nitric oxide during, 336-337 pulmonary complications, 624 Inflammatory response, modulation of, hepatic acute- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-type 1, phase protein synthesis in, 91-93 bacterial pneumonia associated with, 713-723 Influenza, in HIV-infection, 749 clinical manifestations, 716 Inotropy, defined, 238 diagnosis, 716-718 Inspiratory pressure, in mechanical ventilation, 432 epidemiology, 714-715 Inspiratory time, lengthening of, strategies for, 413-415 pathophysiology, 713 Integrin(s), B2, in sepsis-induced lung injury, 221 prevention, 720-721 in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis syndrome, 190 treatment, 718-720 191 nosocomial pneumonia in, 715-716 Intensive care, for HIV patients, 627-629 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-type 1 Interbronchial aspiration, 597 RNA quantitation, in clinical practice, 655-656 Intercellular adhesion molecule—1, in sepsis-induced Hypercapnia, permissive, controlled hypoventilation lung injury, 221 with, 585—586 Interferon-gamma, in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in ARDS, 229, 565 syndrome, 189-190 Hypercapnic respiratory failure, noninvasive ventilation Interleukin—1, in systemic inflammatory response for, 516 syndrome, 155-156 Hyperinflation, complications of, 583-584 Interleukin-6, in systemic inflammatory response assessing risk of, 584-585 syndrome, 156 CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 815 Interleukin—1, as inflammatory mediator in sepsis, 204 Left ventricular failure ause of difficulty in weaning Interleukin-18, in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis from mechanical ventilation, 481-482 syndrome, 187-188 Left ventricular function, in sepsis, 238-240, 242-243 Interleukin-1 receptor antagonists, for sepsis, 312-313 Legionella sp., in HIV-1 infection, 715 in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis syndrome, 188 Leukotriene(s), in systemic inflammatory response Interleukin-6, for sepsis, 313 syndrome, 157 in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis syndrome, 188- Leukotriene B,, in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis 189 syndrome, 190 Interleukin-8, as inflammatory mediator in sepsis, 204 Leuokencephalopathy, prevalence, trends in, 623 for sepsis, 313 Lipid(s), metabolism of sepsis, 253-254 in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis syndrome, 189 Lipid A, in sepsis, 176 Interleukin—10, as inflammatory mediator in sepsis, 204 Lipopolysaccharide(s), and induction of pulmonary in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis syndrome, 189 intravascular macrophages in liver cirrhosis, 145 Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), in weaning entry into circulation, in sepsis-induced lung injury, from mechanical ventilation, 482-483 218 Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), for sepsis syndrome due to, 183-184 COPD patients with acute respiratory failure, Lipopolysaccharide—CD14 interaction, sepsis syndrome 517-518 due to, 184 Interstitial lung disease (ILD), AIDS-related, 634 Liquid lung ventilation, 419 HIV infection in illicit drug users and, 801 Liver, dysfunction of, pulmonary pathophysiology Intrapulmonary vascular dilatation, mechanism of, in associated with, 67-82 hepatopulmonary syndrome, 37-38 nitric oxide and, 341-342 Intrinsic PEEP. See Auto—positive end-expiratory pressure Liver cirrhosis, 49-66. See also Cirrhosis, liver (PEEP) Liver disease, chronic, lu vasculature changes in, Intubation, 355-378 1-15 endotracheal, equipment for, 362-366 pulmonary hypertension in, 17-33 ethical issues related to, 372-37 shunts in, 1-8 for prolonged airway management, 370-371 cytokine biology in, 89 medicolegal issues related to, 372 experimental, intravascular phagocytosis in, 141-145 retrograde endotracheal, 358, 359 in hepatopulmonary ndrome, 39 tracheal, techniques of, 355-361. See also Tracheal intu pulmonary function testing in, 78 Gq bation, techniques of pulmonary hypertension in, 8-12 translaryngeal. See Translaryngeal intubation pulmonary intravascular phagocytosis in, 137-150. Isoniazid, for tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients, 700 See also Pul travascular phagocytosis Isoproterenol, for sepsis, 282-283 Liver transplantation, early post-transplant Isosporiasis, prevalence, trends in, 623 considerations, 103-109 for a,-antitrypsin deficiency, 73 for hepatopulmonaory syndrome, 115-123. See also Hepatopulmonary irome, liver transplantation for Jet ventilation, high-frequency, in newborns, 610-611 for pulmonary hypertension in chronic liver disease 27-29 gas exchange effects or Kaposi's sarcoma, 755-758 hypoxemia and, 99 infectious complications, 106-109 described, 755-756 diagnosis, 756-757 intraoperative considerations 102-103 late post-transplant considerations, 109 epidemiology, 756 lung-liver disorders and, 101 HIV infection in illicit drug users and, 804 malignancy and, 102 in HIV-infected children, 792 in HIV-infected patients, fiberoptic bronchoscopy for, noninfectious complications 103-106 pleural effusions and 1-102 pretransplant considerations, 99-102 new developments in, 657 pulmonary complications, 99-114 pathogenesis, 756 pulmonary edema and, 100-101 prevalence, trends in, 623 prognosis, 75 pulmonary function abnormalities and, 102 pulmonary, 756 pulmonary hypertension and, 101 Liver-lung disorders, in liver transplant recipients, 101 radiography of, 756 treatment, 757-758 L-selectin, in sepsis-induced lung injury, 220 Lung(s), adenovirus infection of, 750 Ketoconazole, for ARDS, 227 compliance of, during mechanical ventilation, mea- Kupffer cell uptake, determinants of, during MOFS 84-86 surement of, 462-464 damage to, ventilator-induced, 556-560 Kupffer cell-hepatocyte interactions, 90-91 Epstein-Barr virus of, in HIV-infection, 749 HIV in, immunologic-related, 633-645 mechanics of, during mechanical ventilation, measure- Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), for endotracheal ment of, 462-471 intubation, 365 neutrophilic alveolitis effects on, 640-641 Laryngoscope blades, for endotracheal intubation, 362 resistance of, during mechanical ventilation, measure- 363 ment of, 464 Larynx, injuries of, translaryngeal intubation and, Lung abscess, in illicit drug users, 801 368-369 Lung cancer, in HIV-infected patients, 759-760 816 CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 Lung injury, acute, current concepts of, 213-235 Measles pneumonia, in HIV-infection, 749-750 sepsis-induced, molecular pathogenesis, 217-226 Mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress due Lung injury score, components and individual values to, 441-442 ot 214 adjuncts to, 491-511 Lung protective’ strategies, using conv entional for carbon dioxide removal, 492-498 ventilator capabilities, 411-413 for improving oxygenation, 498-506 Lung separation, anatomic reasons for, 596-597 future trends in, 506 physiologic reasons for, 597-599 airway pressure release ventilation, 416-417 techniques of, 591-596 airway resistance during, measurement of, 464 Lung transplantation, cystic fibrosis and, acute auto—PEEP in, measurement of, 464-465 respiratory failure associated with, noninvasive barotrauma during, 445 ventilation for, 525 complications of, 439-451 for a,-antitrypsin deficiency, 72-73 acute respiratory distress, 441-442 lung separation due to, 597-598 blood from endotracheal tube, 446-447 Lymphocyte(s), in lungs of HIV-infected patients, during initiation of positive-pressure ventilation, 634 638 439-440 T, cytotoxic, in HIV infection, 637 hypotension, 440-441 HIV infection of, 641-642 hypoxemia, 445-446 lung epithelial damage due to, 637-638 repeated high-pressure alarm, 442-445 Lymphocytic alveolitis, HIV-related, 765-766 ventilator-associated pneumonia, 447-450 pathogenesis, 635-636 conventional approach to, 555-556 Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, HIV infection in dynamic hyperinflation in, 429-430 illicit drug users and, 804 enhancements in pressure-limited breath, 415-416 in HIV infection, 763-766 flow delivery in, 431-432 in HIV-infected children, 791-792 gas exchange during, 453-460 Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s, 758-759. See also Non goals of, 423 Hodgkin's lymphoma high-frequency ventilation, 417-419 prevalence, trends in, 623 high-pressure alarm due to, 442-445 hypotension due to, 440-441 in ARDS, 229 MAC disease, disseminated, 702-705 modes of, 570-571 clinical presentation, 703-704 in COPD, 577-590. See also Chronic obstructive pulmo diagnosis, 704 nary disease (COPD), mechanical ventilation in epidemiology, 702-705 liquid lung ventilation, 419 management, 704 long inspiratory time strategies, 413-415 lung mechanics during, measurement of, 462-470 pathogenesis, 703 lung protective strategies using conventional ventila- prevention, 704-705 Macrophage(s), alveolar, in lungs of HIV-infected tor capabilities, 411-413 monitoring during, 453-473 patients, 638-641 ABGs in, 453-454 pulmonary intravascular, 125-135. See also Pulmonary airway occlusion pressure, 460 ntravascular macrophages Macrophage alveolitis, AIDS-related, mechanisms in, airway pressure profile, 465 638 capnography, 457-460 Malignancy, HIV-related, pulmonary complications, flow—volume curves, 465—466 755-761 of breathing pattern, 460-462 in liver transplant recipients, 102 of maximal inspiratory airway pressure, 462 Markers, defined, 199 of respiratory neuromuscular function, 460-462 of sepsis, 199-212. See also Sepsis, markers of pressure-time product, 467-470 antioxidants, 205 pulse oximetry, 454-457 complement, 203 work of breathing, 467 cytokines, 203-204 new modes of, 411-421 ndothelial cells, 207-209 noenatal. See Newborns, mechanical ventilation of endotoxin, 201-203 noninvasive, 486 epithelial cells, 208-209 of newborns, 603-613. See also Newborns, mechanical functions of, 199-200 ventilation of inflammation mediators and modulators, 201-205 oxygenation during, 445 inflammatory cell activation, 205-209 patient agitation during, causes, 425 interpretation of studies of, problems related to, patient-related factors in, 423-430 200 respiratory center output, 423-426 monocytes, 206-207 respiratory system mechanics, 426-430 neutrophils, 205-206 pneumothorax due to, 444 oxidants, 205 posttrigger phase of, 430 phospholipids, 204-205 pressure-controlled, 400-403 Mask ventilation, clinical application of, for COPD proportional-assist ventilation, 419 patients with acute respiratory failure, 518-522 trigger phase of, 430 for COPD patients with acute respiratory failure, 516- ventilator-related factors in, 430 518 apparatus resistance, 432 Massive hemoptysis, 596 flow delivery, 431-432 Maximum inspiratory airway pressure, during inspiratory pressure, 432 mechanical ventilation, measurement of, 462 tidal volume, 432 CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 817 ventilator triggering, 430-431 Myocardial dysfunction, mechanism of, 243-245 volume-cycled, 395-400. See also Volume-cycled ventila Myocardium, nitric oxide and, 341 tion weaning from, 475-489 computer-assisted, 486 conditions required for, 475-478 Naloxone, for sepsis, 299-300 difficult-to-wean patients, 484-486 Narcotics, for translaryngeal intubation, 366 incidence, 484 Neonates. See Newbor? management, 484-486 Neurologic disorders, as cause of difficulty in weaning difficulty in, postextubation respiratory failure and, from mechanical ventilation, 478 533-535 Neuromuscular blockade, for translaryngeal intubation, extubation criteria in, 478 367 future developments in, 486 Neutrophil(s), functions of, granulocyte colony- intermittent mandatory ventilation in, 482-483 stimulating factor and, 322-323 methods of, 482-484 in inflammatory cell activation in sepsis, 205-206 outcome of, predictive indexes of, 477 organ injury due to, 327-328 pressure-support ventilation in, 483 Neutrophilic alveolitis HIV-infected patients, 640 problems related to, 478-482 lung damage due to, 640-641 pulmonary gas exchange in, 476 Newborns, mechanical! ventilation of, 603-613 respiratory system capacity in, 476-478 carbon dioxide removal in, 608-609 [-piece trials in, 482 conventional, application of, 607-609 Mediastinal infections, in illicit drug users, 801 high-frequency techniques, application of, 609-611 Medicolegal issues, in intubation, 372 carbon dioxide removal during, 611 Metabolic disorders, inherited, a,-antitrypsin deficiency, jet ventilation, 610-611 151-152 oscillation, 611 hepatopulmonary syndrome, 152-155 oxygenation during, 611 Metabolism, alterations in, sepsis-induced, altered positive-pressur¢ entilation, 610 calcium homeostasis in, 255-257 history of, 604-607 Methylprednisolone, for sepsis, 180 monitoring of, 609 Microbe(s), nitric oxide and, 337-339 oxygenation in, 605 Midazolam, for translaryngeal intubation, 366 ventilators in, 607 MIGET. See Multiple inert gases elimination technique Nitric oxide, and endothelial activation, 341 Minitracheostomy, 360, 362 and gut, 342 MOFS. See Multiple organ failure syndrome and immunity Monocyte(s), in inflammatory cell activation in sepsis, and liver, 341-342 2» 06-20~_7wY 7 and microbes, 33 Mucormycosis, 741 and myocardium Multiple inert gases elimination technique (MIGET), in described, 333 liver cirrhosis, 51-55 during inflammatory Multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS), during septic shock cardiopulmonary homeostasis during, gut-liver for improving oxyger! in mechanical ventilation, axis of, 84-86 498-499 sepsis-induced, hepatic production and export of in- in ARDS, 568-570 flammatory mediators in, 88-90 n hepatopulmonary ndrome, 154-155 lung-liver interactions in, 83-98 n lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis syndrome, 190 described, 83 n sepsis, 333-350 Q , 56-355 n vasoplegia, 340 Multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), ARDS inducible, 342-343 in, 216 regulation of, 336 defined, 175 inhaled, for ARDS described, 249 manipulation of, in Multi-system organ failure (MSOF), in sepsis, 272 physiologic targets of Muscular dysfunction, as cause of difficulty in weaning Nitric oxide synthases, 334—33 from mechanical ventilationad, 480-481 Nocardia sp., in HIV-1 infection, 715 Mycobacteria genavense, nontuberculous mycobacterial Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma described infection in HIV-infected patients due to, 701, 705 diagnosis, 759 Mycobacteria haemophilum, nontuberculous mycobacterial epidemiology, 758 infection in HIV-infected patients due to, 701, 706 HIV infection in illicit drug users and, 804 Mycobacteria kansasil, nontuberculous mycobacterial in HIV-infected patients, 758-759 infection in HIV-infected patients due to, 701. 705 pathogenesis, 758-759 Mycobacteria xenopi, nontuberculous mycobacterial pathology of, 758 infection in HIV-infected patients due to, 701, 706 prognosis, 759 Mycobacterial diseases, in HIV-infected patients, 701 pulmonary involvem« nontuberculous, 702 treatment, 759 Mycobacteriosis, nontuberculous, prevalence, trends in, Noninvasive ventilatior ivantages of, 542-544 623 comfort of patient Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), new cost-effectiveness of, 54 developments in, 656-657 disadvantageso f, 544-545 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection, in HIV- education and implementation of, 545 infected children, 790 in acute respiratory failure, 513-553 818 CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 Noninvasive ventilation (Continued) Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange, for improving in asthmatics, 522-524 oxygenation, in mechanical ventilation, 502-504 AIDS patients, 530-531 Permissive hypercapnia, in ARDS, 565 ARDS, 528-529 Phagocytosis, pulmonary, intravascular, in humans, atelectasis, 532 146-147 community-acquired pneumonia, 531-532 pulmonary intravascular. See Pulmonary intravascular in COPD, 516-522 phagocytosis in cystic fibrosis, 525 Phenylephrine, for sepsis, 282 n hypercapnic respiratory failure, 516 gas exchange effects on, 60 n hypoxemic respiratory failure, 525-526 Phospholipid(s), as inflammatory mediator in sepsis, in pediatric hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, 532 204-205 533 Phycon Univent tube, for endotracheal intubation, 362, n postoperative respiratory failure, 529-530 ~ 363 in trauma patients, 530 Piperacillin, for sepsis, 179 interface in, 535-537 Plasmapheresis, gas exchange effects on, 60 masks for, 536 Platelet-activating factor (PAF), in hepatopulmonary mode of, 537 syndrome, 154 monitoring during, 54 l 542 in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis syndrome, 190 patient selection for, 5 aiee in systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 157 portable ventilators for, 540 Platelet-activating factor antagonists, for sepsis, 292-294 predictors of success, 542 Pleural disease, in pulmonary disease evaluation in weaning from, 542 HIV-infected patients, 778-780 Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, in HIV infection, Pleural effusion(s), 76-77 764-765 following liver transplantation, 104 3001, for HIV infection, 651 in liver transplant recipients, 101-102 4 3002, for HIV infection, 653 Pleural infections, in illicit drug users, 801 NUCB 3002, for HIV infection, 653 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 665-695 acute respiratory failure in, prognostic markers of, 676-678 AIDS and, 621 Octreotide, gas exchange effects on, 60 biology of, 665-669 Oscillation, high-frequency, in newborns, 611 cell structure of, 666 Oxidant(s), as inflammatory mediator in sepsis, 205 chemoprophylaxis, 684-686 Oxygen, utilization of, in sepsis, 250-251 clinical manifestations, 669-680 Oxygen consumption, during sepsis, 263-278 clinical presentation, 670-672 management, 274-275 disease severity, prognostic markers of, 676-678 oxygen delivery and, relationship between, 263-271 epidemiology, 668-669 Oxygen delivery, during sepsis, 263-278 extrapulmonary infection in, 678-679 management, 274-275 following liver transplantation, 108-109 oxygen consumption and, relationship between, 263- historical perspective, 665 271 HIV-related deaths due to, 621 Oxygenation, during high frequency ventilation in host pulmonary defense mechanisms in, 667-668 newborns, 611 host-pathogen interactions in, 666-667 in mechanical ventilation, adjuncts for improving, in HIV-infected children, 788-789 498-506 in HIV-infected patients, blood tests for, 772 in neonatal mechanical ventilation, 608 sputum examination for, 773 in HIV-seropositive patients, incidence, 669-670 risk of, 670 intensive care of patients with, 627-628 Paracentesis(es), large-volume, pulmonary function life cycle of, 666 changes following, 77-78 new developments in, 655-656 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 737-738 pathologic manifestations, 679-680 clinical features, 738 pulmonary function tests in, 672-673 diagnosis, 738 pulmonary processes with, 680 epidemiology, 738 radiographic manifestations, 673-676 microbiology of, 737-738 taxonomy of, 665-666 prevention, 738 treatment, 680-686 treatment, 738 clindamycin-primaquine, 682-683 Parasitic infections, in HIV-infection, 750-751 corticosteroids, 683-684 Partial liquid ventilation, in ARDS, 567-568 empiric versus diagnostic-directed, 680-681 Patient—ventilator interactions, 423-438. See also TMP-SMZ, 681-684 Mechanical ventilation, patient-related factors in trimethroprim-dapsone for, 683 Mechanical ventilation, ventilator-related factors in trimetrexate, 683 improvements in, strategies for, 432-435 Pneumocystosis, prevalence, trends in, 623 Pentamidine, for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Pneumonia, atypical, in HIV infection, 751 68 1-684 bacterial, following liver transplantation, 106-107 for sepsis 179 in HIV-type 1 infection, 713-723. See also Human Pentoxifylline, for sepsis, 294 immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-type 1, bac Percutaneous dilatationa! tracheostomy, 359-360, 361 terial pneumonia associated with Perflubron, for ARDS, 227-228 prevalence, trends in, 623