CLINICAL HANDBOOK of ADOLESCENT ADDICTION CLINICAL HANDBOOK of ADOLESCENT ADDICTION Edited by RICHARD ROSNER MD, DLFAPA, FACPsych, FASAP, FAAFS (Psychiatry and Behavioral Science) Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Former Director, Forensic Psychiatry Residency Program, New York University School of Medicine; Former Medical Director, Forensic Psychiatry Clinic, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA Thiseditionfirstpublished2013#2013byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedicalbusinesswithBlackwell Publishing. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Rosner,Richard. Clinicalhandbookofadolescentaddiction/RichardRosner. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-97234-2(cloth) 1. Compulsivebehaviorinadolescence–Handbooks,manuals,etc. 2. Teenagers–Substanceuse–Handbooks,manuals,etc. 3. Compulsivebehavior–Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Title. RJ506.D78R662012 616.85’8400835–dc23 2012010943 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Chapter1–“TheScourgeofAddiction:WhattheAdolescentPsychiatristNeedstoKnow”. Previouslypublishedin AdolescentPsychiatry,Volume29, AnalyticPress,Hillsboro,NJ,2005,andreprintedherewiththeirkindpermission. Chapter27–RationalEmotiveTherapy. Previouslypublishedas“AlbertEllis’Rational-EmotiveBehaviorTherapy”inAdolescentPsychiatry, Volume1, pages82–87,Bentham,2011,andreproducedherewiththeirkindpermission. Chapter28–RelapsePrevention. PreviouslypublishedininAdolescentPsychiatry,Volume2,Bentham,2011,andreprintedherewiththeirkind permission. Chapter33–What’sOldisNew:MotivationalInterviewingforAdolescents. ReprintedwithkindpermissionfromAdolescentPsychiatry,Vol30, pages117–127.#FrancisandTaylor,2008. Chapter41–IntroductiontoForensicpsychiatryforadolescentpsychiatrists. Previouslypublishedas“ForensicPsychiatryforAdolescentPsychiatrists:an Introduction”inAdolescentPsychiatry,Volume24,AnalyticPress,Hillsboro,NJ,1999,andreprintedherwiththeirkindpermission. Chapter47–SavingAdolescents. Previouslypublishedas “EssaysonSavingAdolescents”, inAdolescentPsychiatry,Volume30,AnalyticPress, Hillsboro,NJ,2008,andreprintedherewiththeirkindpermission. Coverimage:Jeunehommenuassisauborddelamer–EtudebyFlandrinHippolyte(1809–1864).Photocredit#RMN(Muse´eduLouvre)/Daniel Arnaudet. Setin9.25/11pt,TimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India. FirstImpression2013 This book is dedicated to those from whom the editor has learned most about addiction: my teachers, my students, and my patients, especially Bay and Charles. Section Editors StephenBatesBillick DepartmentofPsychiatry,NewYorkCollegeof Medicine,NewYork,NY,USA DeanDeCrisce NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Brooklyn,NY,USA TimothyW.Fong SemelInstituteforNeuroscienceandHuman BehavioratUCLA;UCLAAddictionPsychiatry Fellowship;UCLAAddictionMedicineClinic, LosAngeles,CA,USA RobertLloydGoldstein CollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeonsofColumbia University,NewYork,NY,USA ManuelLopez-Leon NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine; NewYorkUniversityChildStudyCenter, NewYork,NY,USA AvramH.Mack GeorgetownUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Washington,DC,USA RichardRosner ForensicPsychiatryResidencyProgram,NewYork UniversitySchoolofMedicine;Forensic PsychiatryClinic,BellevueHospitalCenter, NewYork,NY,USA CharlesL.Scott DepartmentofPsychiatry&BehavioralSciences UniversityofCalifornia,DavisMedicalCenter, Sacramento,CA,USA RobertWeinstock UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles,LosAngeles, CA,USA Contents ListofContributors xi 9 PsychiatricComorbiditiesinAdolescent Preface xv SubstanceUseDisorders 88 Foreword xvii ToddZorick 10 ToxicologyofSubstancesofAbuse 99 THESCOURGEOFADOLESCENT EleanorVoandDeanDeCrisce ADDICTION 1 EditedbyRichardRosner RISKANDPREVENTION 123 EditedbyAvramH.Mack 1 TheScourgeofAddiction:WhattheAdolescent PsychiatristNeedstoKnow 3 11 PreventionofAdolescentPsychoactive RichardRosner SubstanceUse 125 2 AdolescentAddictionsintheUnited MariaE.McGeeandAvramH.Mack Kingdom 9 12 DevelopmentalRisksforSubstance TahiraAkbar,AlexBaldacchino,andIlana UseinAdolescence:Ageas Crome RiskFactor 132 ManuelLopez-LeonandJesseA.Raley ASSESSMENTOFTHESUBSTANCE-ABUSING 13 GeneticRiskFactorsforSubstanceUse ADOLESCENT 25 DuringAdolescence 139 EditedbyRobertWeinstockandManuelLopez-Leon HallieA.Lightdale 3 ClinicalAssessmentofAddictionin 14 FamilialandOtherSocialRisk Adolescents 27 FactorsinAdolescent FarzinYaghmaieandRobertWeinstock SubstanceUse 147 4 EmergencyRoomandMedicalEvaluation 36 MichaelBrendler ChristopherWilliamRacineandStephenBates 15 ExternalizingDisorders 154 Billick YasminJilla 5 PsychologicalAssessment 48 16 InternalizingDisordersAmong LaurenReba-HarrelsonandDanielA.Martell Adolescents:ARiskforSubsequent SubstanceUse 161 6 CulturalAssessment 61 TiffanyG.TownsendandDionneSmith KarenB.RosenbaumandRoxanneM.Lewin Coker-Appiah 7 PsychosocialAssessmentoftheSubstance- 17 RiskduetoMedical,Neurological, AbusingAdolescent 68 andNeurodevelopmental EveMaram Conditions 170 8 TheNeurobiologyofAdolescentAddiction 78 MalenaBanksandMatthewBiel MichaelBoucherandPreetpalSandhu viii CONTENTS CLINICALCONDITIONS 177 32 PsychopharmacologyfortheAddicted Adolescent 311 EditedbyCharlesScott TimothyW.Fong 18 AdolescentAlcoholUse 179 33 What’sOldisNew:MotivationalInterviewing KarenMiotto,AndiaHeydari,MollyTartter, forAdolescents 321 EllenChang,PatrickS.Thomas LoisT.Flaherty andLaraA.Ray 19 Stimulants 190 SPECIALISSUESINADOLESCENT JohnW.TsuangandKathleenMcKenna ADDICTION 327 20 CannabisUseDisorders 202 EditedbyStephenBatesBillickandDeanDeCrisce JanCopelandandJohnHoward 34 SubstanceAbuseImpactonAdolescentBrain 21 HallucinogensandRelatedCompounds 213 Development 329 CharlesS.Groband AdamRaff MarleneDobkindeRios 35 NeuropsychologicalEffectsofSubstanceAbuse 22 OpioidsandSedative-Hypnotics 223 inAdolescents 340 AnnBruner,AsadBokhari,andMarcFishman DianeScheiner,AriKalechstein, 23 NicotineUseDisorders 237 andWilfredG.vanGorp KevinM.Gray,MatthewJ.Carpenter,and 36 TraumaandAdolescentAddiction 350 HimanshuP.Upadhyaya MichalKunz 24 EmergingClinicalConditions 247 37 SexualAddictionandHypersexualBehaviorsin ChristopherR.Thompsonand Adolescents 362 LaurenReba-Harrelson DeanDeCrisce 38 Sexting,Cybersex,andInternetUse:the TREATMENT 265 RelationshipBetweenAdolescentSexual EditedbyTimothyW.Fong BehaviorandElectronicTechnologies 377 AbigailM.JudgeandFabianM.Saleh 25 AdolescentSubstanceAbuseTreatment 39 TheTherapeuticCommunityfortheAdolescent Outcomes 267 SubstanceAbuser 390 RachelGonzales,MaryLynnBrecht, andRichardA.Rawson GregoryC.BuntandVirginiaA.Stanick 40 TreatmentIssuesforYouthswithSubstance 26 TranslatingEvidence-BasedTherapiesinto AbuseinJuvenileDetention 405 OutpatientPractice 271 ErakaBath,LeOndraClark,andJulieY.Low AraAnspikian 27 AlbertEllis’RationalEmotiveBehavior FORENSICCONSIDERATIONS 417 Therapy 282 EditedbyRobertLloydGoldstein RichardRosner 28 RelapsePrevention 289 41 ForensicPsychiatryforAdolescentPsychiatrists: RichardRosner AnIntroduction 419 29 AdolescentIntensiveOutpatient RichardRosner Treatment 295 42 EthicalConsiderationsinAdolescent TiffanyTsai Addiction 423 30 AdolescentBehaviorsOutofControl: RobertWeinstock AnIntroductiontoAdolescentResidential 43 InformedConsent,ParentalConsent,andthe Treatment 301 RighttoRefuseTreatment 430 ReefKarim JackA.GottschalkandDanielP.Greenfield 31 AdolescentGroupTreatments: 44 ThirdPartyLiabilityforSupplyingAdolescents Twelve-StepandBeyond 306 withIllegalSubstances 438 JeremyMartinez DanielP.GreenfieldandJackA.Gottschalk CONTENTS ix 45 OlderAdolescentsinDrugCourt:Hammering 47 SavingAdolescents 464 theRevolvingDoorShut 445 RichardRosner LauraA.Ward 46 ConfidentialityandInformedConsentIssuesin Index 471 TreatmentforAdolescentSubstance Abuse 457 RobertLloydGoldstein List of Contributors Tahira Akbar University of Dundee Medical Ann Bruner Johns Hopkins University Student School, Dundee, UK HealthandWellnessCenter;MountainManor Treatment Center, Baltimore, MD, USA Ara Anspikian Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, Gregory C. Bunt Department of Psychiatry, CA, USA New York University School of Medicine; Daytop Village, Inc., New York, NY, USA AlexBaldacchinoUniversityofDundeeMedical School, Dundee, UK MatthewJ.CarpenterDepartmentofPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Hollings Cancer Malena Banks Georgetown University Hospital, Center,MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina, Washington DC, USA Charleston, SC, USA Eraka Bath Department of Psychiatry, UCLA Ellen Chang Department of Psychiatry and Bio- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Los Angeles, CA, behavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles CA, USA USA Matthew Biel Georgetown University Hospital, Le Ondra Clark California State Senate, Washington DC, USA CaliforniaStateCapitol,Sacramento,CA,USA Stephen Bates Billick Department of Psychiatry, JanCopelandNationalCannabisPreventionand NewYorkCollegeofMedicine,NewYork,NY, Information Centre, University of New South USA Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Asad Bokhari Chesapeake Treatment Centers; Ilana Crome Department of Psychiatry, Keele MountainManorTreatmentCenter,Baltimore, University Medical School, Keele, UK MD, USA Dean DeCrisce New York University Schoolof MichaelBoucherDavidGeffenSchoolofMedi- Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA cine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA MarleneDobkinDeRiosUniversityofCalifornia, Irvine; California State University, Fullerton, Mary Lynn Brecht Integrated Substance Abuse CA,USA Programs, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Marc Fishman Department of Psychiatry and Michael Brendler Georgetown University BehavioralSciences,JohnsHopkinsUniversity School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA School of Medicine; Mountain Manor Treat- ment Center, Baltimore, MD, USA xii LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS LoisT.FlahertyUniversityofMarylandSchoolof Reef Karim The Control Center For Addictions, Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Beverly Hills, CA, USA TimothyW.FongSemelInstituteforNeuroscience Michal Kunz Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center; andHumanBehavioratUCLA;UCLAAddiction New York University School of Medicine, Psychiatry Fellowship; UCLA Addiction Medi- New York, NY, USA cineClinic,LosAngeles,CA,USA Roxanne M. Lewin University of Medicine & Robert Lloyd Goldstein College of Physicians Dentistry of New Jersey, NJ, USA and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Hallie A. Lightdale Georgetown University Counseling and Psychological Services; Rachel Gonzales Integrated Substance Abuse Georgetown University School of Medicine, Programs, University of California Los Washington, DC, USA Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ManuelLopez-LeonNewYorkUniversitySchool JackA.GottschalkSetonHallUniversity,Stillman ofMedicine;NewYorkUniversityChildStudy SchoolofBusiness,Livingston,NJ,USA Center, New York, NY, USA Kevin M. Gray Department of Psychiatry and Julie Y. Low New York Medical College, New Behavioral Sciences; Hollings Cancer Center, York, NY, USA MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina,Charles- ton, SC, USA Avram H. Mack Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA Daniel P. Greenfield Seton Hall University School of Health and Medical Sciences, Eve Maram Licensed Psychologist, Orange, CA, Millburn, NJ, USA USA Charles S. Grob Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Daniel A. Martell Semel Institute for Neuro- Torrance,CA,USA science and Human Behavior, David Geffen SchoolofMedicineatUCLA,LosAngeles,CA, JohnGunn,InstituteofPsychiatry,King’sCollege USA London, London, UK Jeremy Martinez UCLA Addiction Medicine Andia Heydari Department of Psychiatry and Clinic, Los Angeles, CA, USA Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA MariaE.McGee GeorgetownUniversity School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA JohnHowardNationalCannabisPreventionand Information Centre, University of New South Kathleen McKenna Child and Adolescent Psy- Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia chiatry Fellowship; UCLA; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yasmin Jilla Department of Psychiatry, George- Torrance, CA, USA town University Hospital, Washington DC, USA Karen Miotto Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, Abigail M. Judge Harvard Medical School, CA, USA Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA Christopher William Racine New York Univer- sity School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Ari Kalechstein Baylor College of Medicine, The Menninger Department of Psychiatry, AdamRaffNewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter, Houston, TX, USA New York, NY, USA