Clinical Anesthesia EIGHTH EDITION E D I T E D B Y Paul G. Barash, MD Emeritus Professor and Past Chair Department of Anesthesiology Yale University School of Medicine Honorary Attending Anesthesiologist Yale-New Haven Hospital New Haven, Connecticut Bruce F. Cullen, MD Emeritus Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington Robert K. Stoelting, MD Emeritus Professor and Past Chair Department of Anesthesia School of Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana Michael K. Cahalan, MD 2 Professor and Chair Department of Anesthesiology School of Medicine The University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah M. Christine Stock, MD Professor Department of Anesthesiology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois Rafael Ortega, MD Professor Vice-Chairman of Academic Affairs Department of Anesthesiology Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Sam R. Sharar, MD Professor Vice-Chair for Faculty Affairs and Development Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington Natalie F. Holt, MD, MPH Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology Yale University School of Medicine Medical Director Ambulatory Procedures Unit VA Connecticut Healthcare System West Haven, Connecticut 3 Acquisitions Editor: Keith Donnellan Developmental Editor: Brendan Huffman Production Project Manager: Priscilla Crater, Linda Van Pelt Design Coordinator: Teresa Mallon Senior Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh Marketing Manager: Dan Dressler Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc. Eighth Edition Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer Seventh Edition © 2013 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a WOLTERS KLUWER business Sixth Edition © 2009 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a WOLTERS KLUWER business Fifth Edition © 2005 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at