Disaster Risk Reduction Methods, Approaches and Practices Rajib Shaw Fuad Mallick Aminul Islam Editors Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Bangladesh Disaster Risk Reduction Methods, Approaches and Practices For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/11575 ABOUT THE SERIES SCOPE OF THE SERIES Disaster risk reduction is a process, which leads to the safety of community and nations. After the 2005 World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Japan, the Hyogo Framework for Action [HFA] was adopted as a framework of risk reduction. The academic research and higher education in disaster risk reduction has made/is making gradual shift from pure basic research to applied, implementation oriented research. More emphasis is given on the multi-stakeholder collaboration and multi-disciplinary research. Emerging university networks in Asia, Europe, Africa and Americas have urged for the process-oriented research in disaster risk reduction fi eld. Keeping this in mind, this new series will promote the outputs of action research on disaster risk reduction, which will be useful for a wider range of stakeholders including academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students and researchers in the related fi eld. The series will focus on some of emerging needs in the risk reduction fi eld, starting from climate change adaptation, urban ecosystem, coastal risk reduction, education for sustainable development, community based practices, risk communication, human security etc. Through academic review, this series will encourage young researchers and practitioners to analyze fi eld practices, and link it to theory and policies with logic, data and evidences. Thus, the series emphasizes evidence based risk reduction methods, approaches and practices. SERIES EDITOR Rajib Shaw, Kyoto University, Japan EDITORIAL ADVISORY GROUP 1. M s. Margareta Wahlstorm, Special Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations for the Disaster Risk Reduction, and head of UN ISDR (International Strategy of Disaster Reduction), Geneva, Switzerland 2. Dr. Juha Uitto, Deputy Director, Evaluation Offi ce, UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), NY, USA 3. Professor Kaoru Takara, Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 4. Professor Joy Jacquline Pereira, University Kebansan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia 5. Professor David Sanderson, Director, Centre for Development and Emergency Practice (CENDEP), Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, UK 6. Dr. Anshu Sharma, Board Member, SEEDS India, Delhi, India 7. Professor Ailsa Holloway, Director, Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, Stellenbosch University, South Africa 8. Professor Arnold Howitt, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, USA 9. Professor Fuad Mallick, Chair of Disaster Management Program, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 10. Professor Jayant K. Routray, Coordinator of Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management Academic Program, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand Rajib Shaw • Fuad Mallick • Aminul Islam Editors Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Bangladesh Editors Rajib Shaw Fuad Mallick Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan Department of Architecture BRAC University Aminul Islam Dhaka , Bangladesh Sustainable Development United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] Dhaka , Bangladesh ISSN 2196-4106 ISSN 2196-4114 (electronic) ISBN 978-4-431-54248-3 ISBN 978-4-431-54249-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54249-0 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013939616 © Springer Japan 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Climate change is not a new topic; it is a phenomenon that has been occurring over a period of years. However, the impacts of climate change have become more con- spicuous in recent years due to compounded vulnerability—a function of several factors including urbanization, migration, and population pressure, among others. Climate change adaptation has received signifi cant attention over the past 7 or 8 years, and the need for adaptive actions is increasingly highlighted in international, regional, and national forums. Bangladesh has experienced severe impacts of climate change, especially in coastal regions. Because of their chronic vulnerability, the communities in those areas have developed innovative coping mechanisms for their lifestyles, habitats, and livelihoods. These are evident in case studies and in good practices, set forth in a diversity of documents. For the last several years, the Comprehensive Disaster Management Program and other environmental and climate-related initiatives have generated a signifi cant knowledge pool, which often has not been linked to higher education. However, several universities in Bangladesh have started master’s programs on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. There is an increasing demand for resources that utilize fi eld-based knowledge and for linking those to the curriculum of the master’s and diploma programs. With those facts in mind, this book is a modest attempt to compile and analyze some of the existing practices on climate change adaptation. The contents of this book were developed through a consultation workshop with different universities and related organizations over the past year. The book is one of two volumes prepared for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Thus, readers are encouraged to look at the contents of the other volume, titled Disaster Risk Reduction Approaches of Bangladesh . The editors acknowledge the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Dhaka offi ce in this regard. Several eminent authors were able to fulfi ll their commitments to make contributions in spite of their busy schedules, and we are thankful to all of them. All the statements and opinions in this book are those of the authors and editors, and do not offi cially represent the organizations to which they belong. v vi Preface This book is written for students and young researchers aspiring to a career in environmental studies and/or disaster risk reduction. We hope that they will fi nd the book useful and relevant to their work. Kyoto, Japan Rajib Shaw Dhaka, Bangladesh Fuad Mallick Aminul Islam Contents Part I Climate Change Impacts 1 Climate Change: Global Perspectives .................................................. 3 Rajib Shaw, Fuad Mallick, and Aminul Islam 2 Climate Change Impacts, Scenario and Vulnerability of Bangladesh ......................................................................................... 15 Ainun Nishat and Nandan Mukherjee 3 Sea Level Rise and Its Impacts in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh ......................................................................................... 43 Ainun Nishat and Nandan Mukherjee 4 Urban Poverty, Climate Change and Health Risks for Slum Dwellers in Bangladesh .......................................................... 51 Sabina Faiz Rashid, Showkat Gani, and Malabika Sarker 5 Integration of Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction and Social Protection in Bangladesh: Contemporary Views and Experiences ................................................ 71 Aminul Islam and Abu Sumon Part II Strategy and Action Plan 6 National Adaptation Programme of Action......................................... 93 Aminul Islam, Rajib Shaw, and Fuad Mallick 7 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plans.................... 107 Aminul Islam, Rajib Shaw, and Fuad Mallick vii viii Contents Part III Socio-Economic Impacts 8 Multi Hazard Vulnerabilities of the Coastal Land of Bangladesh ......................................................................................... 121 Md. Golam Mahabub Sarwar and Aminul Islam 9 Equity and Justice Issues for Climate Change Adaptation in Water Resource Sector ...................................................................... 143 Shamsun N. Ahmed and Aminul Islam 10 Gender and Climate Change: Impacts and Coping Mechanisms of Women and Special Vulnerable Groups .......................................... 165 Md. Anwarul Abedin, Umma Habiba, and Rajib Shaw Part IV Adaptive Actions 11 Agriculture Adaptation in Haor Basin ................................................ 187 Abu Sumon and Aminul Islam 12 Agriculture Adaptation in Coastal Zone of Bangladesh .................... 207 Md. Anwarul Abedin and Rajib Shaw 13 Livelihood Adaptation in the Drought Prone Areas of Bangladesh .............................................................................. 227 Umma Habiba, Abu Wali Raghib Hassan, and Rajib Shaw 14 Coastal Livelihood Adaptation in Changing Climate: Bangladesh Experience of NAPA Priority Project Implementation ......................................................................... 253 Mesbahul Alam, Ronju Ahammad, Paramesh Nandy, and Shahinur Rahman 15 Coastal Ecosystem Based Adaptation: Bangladesh Experience ........ 277 Paramesh Nandy, Ronju Ahammad, Mesbahul Alam, and Aminul Islam 16 Adaptation Technologies in Practice and Future Potentials in Bangladesh ......................................................................................... 305 M. Mokhlesur Rahman and Aminul Islam 17 Habitat and Infrastructures: A Localized Approach to Resilience .......................................................................... 331 Fuad Mallick 18 Community Based Adaptation: Theory and Practice ........................ 341 A.K.M. Mamunur Rashid and Mizan R. Khan Contents ix Part V Climate Change Governance 19 Bangladesh Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review ........................................................................ 365 Mark O’Donnell, A.K.M. Mamunur Rashid, Paul Steele, Merylyn Hedger, Joyce Lee, K.M. Nabiul Islam, Tawhidul Islam, Rezai Karim Khondker, Siddiqur Rahman, Dipak Kumar Sarkar, and Narayan Chandra Sinha 20 Planning “Exceptionalism”? Political Economy of Climate Resilient Development in Bangladesh ............................... 387 Khurshid Alam, Thomas Tanner, Md. Shamsuddoha, A.K.M. Mamunur Rashid, Moshahida Sultana, Muhammad Jahedul Huq, Sumaiya S. Kabir, and Sifayet Ullah About the Editors ........................................................................................... 419