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01_596314 ffirs.qxp 1/3/06 12:59 PM Page iii CliffsAP® World History An American BookWorks Corporation Project Contributing Authors/Consultants Todd Carney, Ph.D. Charles A. Desnoyers, Ph.D. Philip C. DiMare, Ph.D. James Goodwin, Ph.D. Shawndra Holderby, Ph.D. Kathryn Jasper, M.A. David Meier, Ph.D. Judith-Rae Ross, Ph.D. Ryan Wilkinson 01_596314 ffirs.qxp 1/3/06 12:59 PM Page iv Publisher’s Acknowledgments Editorial Project Editor:Kelly D. Henthorne Acquisitions Editor:Greg Tubach Technical Editor:Moira Maguire Production Proofreader: Susan Sims Wiley Publishing, Inc. Composition Services CliffsAP®World History Note:If you purchased this book without a cover, Published by: you should be aware that this book is stolen property. It was reported as “unsold and destroyed” to the Wiley Publishing, Inc. publisher, and neither the author nor the publisher 111 River Street has received any payment for this “stripped book.” Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright ©2006 Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Published by Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Published simultaneously in Canada Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available from the publisher upon request. ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-9631-5 ISBN-10: 0-7645-9631-4 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1B/RZ/QR/QW/IN No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, record- ing, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of thePublisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, 317-572-3447, fax 317-572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETE- NESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WAR- RANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. 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For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, please visit our web site at www.wiley.com. 02_596314 ftoc.qxp 12/30/05 6:27 PM Page v Table of Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 About the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PART I: SUBJECT AREA REVIEWS Pre-Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Environment’s Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Geographical Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Time before Civilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Agriculture and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Agriculture and Its Impact on the Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Southeast Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Life in the Village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Use of Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Emergence of Civilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The Role of Religion in Early Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Culture, State, and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Classical Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 How Did the Classical Civilizations Differ from Earlier Civilizations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 The Mediterranean Littoral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 India/South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Belief Systems from Their Inception to 600 CE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Ancient Religious and Philosophic Belief Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 The Interplay between Philosophic and Religious Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Concluding Thoughts on Monotheistic Belief Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 The Late Classical Period: 200–600 CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 What Differentiates the Late Classical Period from the Classical Period? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Empire’s End. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 What Really Caused the Roman Decline? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 02_596314 ftoc.qxp 12/30/05 6:27 PM Page vi CliffsAP World History A Question of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Empire’s Emergence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 The Islamic World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 The Role of Dar Al Islam in Eurasia and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 First Steps toward Globalization: Positives and Negatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Major Trade Routes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Missionary Outreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 The Crusades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 The Mongol Invasions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 An Additional Invasion—The Bubonic Plague . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 From T’ang to Ming China: Perfecting Society and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 The Cultural Impact of the T’ang Dynasty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Gunpowder, Printing, and Porcelain: The Impact of the Sung Dynasty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Turning Outward and Inward under the Ming Dynasty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 The Impact of China on its Neighbors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Western Europe after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . 74 The Establishment of the Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Roman Expansionism, Imperial Crisis, and the World of Constantine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 The Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Rise of Western Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 End Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 The Amerindian World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 The Mythic Origins of the Mesoamerican and Andean Worlds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Creating the Foundations of Mesoamerica: The Olmecs, the Maya, and the Toltecs . . . . . . 88 The Aztecs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 The Incas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 End Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Demographics and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Nomad Migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Agricultural Migrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 The Rise of the Cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 The Plague Redux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Shifts in Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 The Northern Renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 English Reformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Witchcraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 vi 02_596314 ftoc.qxp 12/30/05 6:27 PM Page vii Table of Contents Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Trade, Technology, and Global Interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 European Explorers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 The Conquest of the Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 The Development of European Nation-States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Absolutism in France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Constitutionalism in England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 The Rise of Absolutism in Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Slave Systems and the Slave Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Slavery in the Early Modern Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 The Oriental Slave Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 The Occidental Slave Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Slavery in the New World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 The Cost of Slavery to Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Demographic and Environmental Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 African Diaspora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Biota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Columbian Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Demographic Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Mestiso/Métis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Virgin Soil Epidemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Population Shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Environmental Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 New Crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Cultural and Intellectual Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Causes and Impact of Cultural Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Changes in Confucianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 1750 to 1914: From Enlightenment to the Modern World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 1750–1914: How Does This Period Differ from the Early Modern World?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 What Causes Changes and Breaks within This Period?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 vii 02_596314 ftoc.qxp 12/30/05 6:27 PM Page viii CliffsAP World History Global Commerce, Communications, Technology, and World Trade. . . . . 155 Industrial Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Global Commerce and World Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 How Did the Industrial Revolution Affect Culture and World Society?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Demographics and the Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Food Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Mass Migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Mass Migration and the End of the Slave Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 New Birth Rate Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Social Change: 1750–1914. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 The New Class: The Industrial Revolution and Wage Workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 The Rise of the Industrial Middle Class and Mass Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 The Industrial Revolution’s Impact on Demographics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 The Industrial Revolution’s Impact on Serfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 The Industrial Revolution’s Impact on Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 The Industrial Revolution’s Impact on Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 The Industrial Revolution’s Impact on Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Revolutions, Reform, and Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Comparative Views of Revolutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Latin American Independence Movements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Reform Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Democracy, Advantages, and Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Globalization and the Rise of the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Impact of World Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Imperialism and Colonialism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Responses to World Expansion and Imperialism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 World Expansion, Imperialism, and Racism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Imperialism and Nationalism in the Colonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Time, Structure, and Demographics Since 1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 How Does This Period Differ from the Previous Period and Why? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 What Causes Changes and Breaks within This Period?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Practice Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Answers and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 viii 02_596314 ftoc.qxp 12/30/05 6:27 PM Page ix Table of Contents World War I, World War II, the Holocaust, and the Cold War. . . . . . . . . . . 199 World War I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 World War II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 The Holocaust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 The Cold War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Rise of International Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Patterns of Nationalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Nationalism’s Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Nationalism after World War II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 The Global Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Technology’s Impact on Globalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Technology’s Impact on National Economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Technology’s Impact on Leisure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 The Pacific Rim and the Global Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 The Emergence of the Third World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 The Impact of Multinational Corporations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 New Forms of Social Struggle and Revolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Guerilla Struggles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Guerilla Struggles and the Emergence of the Religious State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Social Reforms and Social Revolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Feminism and Changing Gender Roles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 The Family Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 International Marxism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Globalization of Technology and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Technology on a Global Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Globalizing Art and Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Global Popular Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Demographic Changes and the Environment in the Wake of Globalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Modern Migrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Shifts in Global Birthrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Shape and Impact of Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Environmental Activism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Practice Test Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 ix 02_596314 ftoc.qxp 12/30/05 6:27 PM Page x CliffsAP World History PART II: THREE FULL-LENGTH PRACTICE TESTS Practice Test 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Multiple-Choice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Free-Response Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Practice Test 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Multiple-Choice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Free-Response Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Practice Test 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Multiple-Choice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Free-Response Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 x 03_596314 intro.qxp 12/30/05 6:28 PM Page 1 Introduction About the Exam It’s likely that at this point in your studies, you probably know about what information will be tested on the AP World History exam. However, it’s important to know what to look forward to in terms of the type of test that you’ll en- counter, as well as how long it will last. The exam will last 3 hours and 5 minutes and will include both a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. You will have 55 minutes in which to complete 70 multiple-choice questions, and you will have 130 minutes in which to complete the free-response section. The free responses are essays, which we will discuss shortly. The multiple-choice section will encompass everything from 9000 BCE(BCEstands for “Before the Common Era” and is eventually expected to replace BC, which means “Before Christ”) through the present, and the questions will be divided more or less equally among the following time periods and will cover the Common Era (CE) to topics indicated: Foundations: c. 9000 BCE–600 CE 1. Locating world history in the environment and time 2. Developing agriculture and technology 3. Early civilizations in different environments: culture, state, and social structure 4. Classical civilizations 5. Major belief systems 6. Late Classical Period (200 CE– 600 CE) 600– 1450 CE 1. Periodization 2. The Islamic world 3. Interregional networks and contacts 4. China’s internal and external expansion 5. Development in Europe 6. Social, cultural, economic, and political patterns in the Amerindian world 7. Demographic and environmental changes 8. Diverse interpretations 1450–1750 CE 1. Periodization 2. Changes in trade, technology, and global interactions 3. Knowledge of major empires and other political units and social systems 4. Slave systems and slave trade 5. Demographic and environmental changes 6. Cultural and intellectual developments 7. Diverse interpretations 1 03_596314 intro.qxp 12/30/05 6:28 PM Page 2 CliffsAPWorld History 1750–1914 CE 1. Periodization 2. Changes in global commerce, communications, and technology 3. Demographic and environmental changes 4. Changes in social and gender structure 5. Political revolutions and independence movements; new political ideas 6. Rise of Western dominance 7. Diverse interpretations 1914 CE–Present 1. Periodization 2. The World Wars, the Holocaust, the Cold War, nuclear weaponry, and international organizations and their impact on the global framework 3. New patterns of nationalism 4. Impact of major global economic developments 5. New forces of revolutions and other sources of political innovations 6. Social reform and social revolution 7. Globalization of science, technology, and culture 8. Demographic and environmental changes 9. Diverse interpretations As you will see, this book is also divided into similar sections to help you focus on each area. The Multiple-Choice Format Most of the standardized tests that you’ve probably taken throughout your educational career have contained multiple- choice questions. For some reason, these types of questions give a large percentage of test-takers a difficult time. If you approach these questions carefully, they are easier than you think. Let’s analyze the concept of the multiple-choice question. Keep in mind that these questions are created to test your abilities to recognize the correct answer from five choices. This makes it a little more difficult than those with only fourchoices. Questions are comprised of several parts. 1. The question stem 2. The correct choice 3. Distracters As test-item writers create questions, they normally approach it as follows: ■ One choice is absolutely correct. ■ One or two choices are absolutely incorrect (distracters). ■ One or two choices may be similar to the correct answer, but might contain some information that is not quite ac- curate or on target, or even might not answer the specific question (distracters). How do you approach these questions? First, read the question and see whether you know the answer. If you know it automatically, then you can look at the choices and select the correct one. Let’s look at a basic example. 2

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