IETENERGY ENGINEERING SERIES 90 Clean Energy Microgrids Othervolumesinthisseries: Volume1 PowerCircuitBreakerTheoryandDesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor) Volume4 IndustrialMicrowaveHeatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith Volume7 InsulatorsforHighVoltagesJ.S.T.Looms Volume8 VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystemsD.Finney Volume10 SF6SwitchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones Volume11 ConductionandInductionHeatingE.J.Davies Volume13 StatisticalTechniquesforHighVoltageEngineeringW.HauschildandW.Mosch Volume14 UninterruptiblePowerSuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors) Volume15 DigitalProtectionforPowerSystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman Volume16 ElectricityEconomicsandPlanningT.W.Berrie Volume18 VacuumSwitchgearA.Greenwood Volume19 ElectricalSafety:AguidetocausesandpreventionofhazardsJ.MaxwellAdams Volume21 ElectricityDistributionNetworkDesign,2ndEditionE.LakerviandE.J.Holmes Volume22 ArtificialIntelligenceTechniquesinPowerSystemsK.Warwick,A.O.EkwueandR.Aggarwal(Editors) Volume24 PowerSystemCommissioningandMaintenancePracticeK.Harker Volume25 Engineers’HandbookofIndustrialMicrowaveHeatingR.J.Meredith Volume26 SmallElectricMotorsH.Moczalaetal. Volume27 AC–DCPowerSystemAnalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith Volume29 HighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission,2ndEditionJ.Arrillaga Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y.-H.Song(Editor) Volume31 EmbeddedgenerationN.Jenkinsetal. Volume32 HighVoltageEngineeringandTesting,2ndEditionH.M.Ryan(Editor) Volume33 OvervoltageProtectionofLow-VoltageSystems,RevisedEditionP.Hasse Volume36 VoltageQualityinElectricalPowerSystemsJ.Schlabbachetal. Volume37 ElectricalSteelsforRotatingMachinesP.Beckley Volume38 TheElectricCar:Developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cellcarsM.Westbrook Volume39 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulationJ.ArrillagaandN.Watson Volume40 AdvancesinHighVoltageEngineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne Volume41 ElectricalOperationofElectrostaticPrecipitatorsK.Parker Volume43 ThermalPowerPlantSimulationandControlD.Flynn Volume44 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustryH.Khatib Volume45 PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller Volume46 DistributionSwitchgearS.Stewart Volume47 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,2ndEditionJ.GersandE.Holmes Volume48 WoodPoleOverheadLinesB.Wareing Volume49 ElectricFuses,3rdEditionA.WrightandG.Newbery Volume50 WindPowerIntegration:ConnectionandsystemoperationalaspectsB.Foxetal. Volume51 ShortCircuitCurrentsJ.Schlabbach Volume52 NuclearPowerJ.Wood Volume53 ConditionAssessmentofHighVoltageInsulationinPowerSystemEquipmentR.E.JamesandQ.Su Volume55 LocalEnergy:DistributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood Volume56 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,J.PenmanandH.Sedding Volume57 TheControlTechniquesDrivesandControlsHandbook,2ndEditionB.Drury Volume58 LightningProtectionV.Cooray(Editor) Volume59 UltracapacitorApplicationsJ.M.Miller Volume62 LightningElectromagneticsV.Cooray Volume63 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,2ndEditionA.Ter-Gazarian Volume65 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,3rdEditionJ.Gers Volume66 HighVoltageEngineeringTesting,3rdEditionH.Ryan(Editor) Volume67 MulticoreSimulationofPowerSystemTransientsF.M.Uriate Volume68 DistributionSystemAnalysisandAutomationJ.Gers Volume69 TheLighteningFlash,2ndEditionV.Cooray(Editor) Volume70 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry,3rdEditionH.Khatib Volume72 ControlCircuitsinPowerElectronics:PracticalissuesindesignandimplementationM.Castilla(Editor) Volume73 WideAreaMonitoring,ProtectionandControlSystems:TheenablerforSmarterGridsA.Vaccaroand A.Zobaa(Editors) Volume74 PowerElectronicConvertersandSystems:FrontiersandapplicationsA.M.Trzynadlowski(Editor) Volume75 PowerDistributionAutomationB.Das(Editor) Volume76 PowerSystemStability:Modelling,analysisandcontrolB.OmP.Malik Volume78 NumericalAnalysisofPowerSystemTransientsandDynamicsA.Ametani(Editor) Volume79 Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.LuandJ.Hossain(Editors) Volume81 Cyber-Physical-SocialSystemsandConstructsinElectricPowerEngineeringSiddharth Suryanarayanan,RobinRocheandTimothyM.Hansen(Editors) Volume82 PeriodicControlofPowerElectronicConvertersF.Blaabjerg,K.Zhou,D.WangandY.Yang Volume86 AdvancesinPowerSystemModelling,ControlandStabilityAnalysisF.Milano(Editor) Volume88 SmarterEnergy:FromSmartMeteringtotheSmartGridH.Sun,N.Hatziargyriou,H.V.Poor,L.Carpanini andM.A.Sa´nchezFornie´(Editors) Volume89 HydrogenProduction,SeparationandPurificationforEnergyA.Basile,F.Dalena,J.Tong,T.N.Vezirog˘lu (Editors) Volume93 CogenerationandDistrictEnergySystems:Modelling,AnalysisandOptimizationM.A.RosenandS. Koohi-Fayegh Volume95 Communication,ControlandSecurityChallengesfortheSmartGridS.M.MuyeenandS.Rahman (Editors) Volume97 SynchronizedPhasorMeasurementsforSmartGridsM.J.B.ReddyandD.K.Mohanta(Editors) Volume101 MethaneandHydrogenforEnergyStorageR.CarriveauandDavidS.-K.Ting Volume905 PowerSystemProtection,4Volumes Clean Energy Microgrids Edited by Shin'ya Obara and Jorge Morel The Institution of Engineering andTechnology PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland& Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698). †TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2017 Firstpublished2017 ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress: TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology MichaelFaradayHouse SixHillsWay,Stevenage Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom www.theiet.org Whiletheauthorsandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenmaking useofthem.Neithertheauthorsnorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliabilityis disclaimed. Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-78561-097-4(hardback) ISBN978-1-78561-098-1(PDF) TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Origin of cleanenergy systems 1 Shin’ya Obara 1.1 Introduction: origin of clean energy systems 1 1.2 Dynamic operational schedulingfor a microgrid with renewable energy 2 1.2.1 Introduction 2 1.2.2 Independent microgrid with renewable energy and battery 2 1.2.3 Powerbalance and objective function 5 1.2.4 Analysis method 6 1.2.5 Case analysis 10 1.2.6 Analysis results 11 1.2.7 Conclusions 20 1.3 Operation analysis of microgrids usingan orthogonal array-GA hybrid method 20 1.3.1 Introduction 20 1.3.2 Analysis methods 22 1.3.3 Case study 29 1.3.4 Analysis results 38 1.3.5 Conclusions 45 Nomenclature 46 References 48 2 Key concepts 51 Shin’ya Obara 2.1 Introduction: key concepts 51 2.2 Dynamic-characteristics analysis of an independent microgrid with an SOFCtriple combined cycle 52 2.2.1 Introduction 52 2.2.2 System configuration 53 2.2.3 Modelling of equipment 56 2.2.4 System configuration of SOFCtriple combined cycle 62 2.2.5 Analysis conditions 65 vi Clean energy microgrids 2.2.6 Dynamic-characteristics analysisof an SOFC 67 2.2.7 Dynamic characteristics of SOFCtriple combined cycle (SOFC-TCC) 68 2.2.8 Conclusions 74 2.3 Performance evaluation of an independent microgrid comprising an integrated coal gasification fuel cell combined cycle, large-scale photovoltaics and a pumped-storage power station 74 2.3.1 Introduction 74 2.3.2 Materials and methods 76 2.3.3 Example of the proposed microgrid analysis 89 2.3.4 Results of analysis and discussions 93 2.3.5 Conclusion 98 Nomenclature 100 References 104 3 Control andenergy management system inmicrogrids 109 Wencong Su 3.1 Introduction 109 3.2 Protection and control of microgrids 111 3.2.1 Microgridsprotection 112 3.2.2 Control approach of microgrid control 112 3.3 Energy management aspects of microgrids 117 3.4 Demand responseand demand-side management 118 3.5 Home energy management system 121 3.6 Energy management with SCADA 123 3.7 Supporting infrastructure 125 3.7.1 Smart meters systems 125 3.7.2 Advanced meteringinfrastructure 126 3.7.3 Privacy and security of smart meters 127 3.8 Conclusion and future research trends 129 References 129 4 Storage systemsfor microgrids 135 Shin’ya Obara 4.1 Introduction: storage systems for microgrids 135 4.2 Operation planning for a compound microgrid containing a PEFCand photovoltaics with prediction of electricity productionusingGAand NWI 136 4.2.1 Introduction 136 4.2.2 System configurations 136 4.2.3 Analysis method 139 4.2.4 Case analysis 143 4.2.5 Results and discussion 145 4.2.6 Conclusion 152 Contents vii 4.3 Economic efficiency of a renewable energy-independent microgrid with energy storage usinga sodium–sulphur battery or organic chemical hydride 153 4.3.1 Introduction 153 4.3.2 Proposedsystem 154 4.3.3 System components 155 4.3.4 Control method 164 4.3.5 Analysis example 165 4.3.6 Results and discussion 169 4.3.7 Conclusions 175 Nomenclature 176 References 178 5 Reliability andpowerquality 181 Jorge Morel 5.1 Introduction 181 5.1.1 Overview 181 5.1.2 Chapter’s aim and scope 181 5.2 Powerquality 182 5.2.1 What is power quality? 182 5.2.2 Why power quality isimportant? 183 5.2.3 Smart grids and power-quality issues 183 5.2.4 The concept of virtual generator in microgrids 184 5.3 Reliability 187 5.3.1 What is reliability? 187 5.3.2 Interoperability 188 5.3.3 Cybersecurity 189 5.3.4 Flexible operation and self-healing 189 5.3.5 Demand response 190 5.3.6 Smart grids and microgrid standards 190 5.4 Case study 190 5.4.1 Introduction 190 5.4.2 Study system 192 5.4.3 Control strategy 196 5.4.4 Scenario construction 197 5.4.5 Simulation results 198 5.4.6 Conclusion 201 References 202 6 Clean generation inmicrogrids 207 Jorge Morel 6.1 Introduction 207 6.1.1 Overview 207 6.1.2 Chapter’s aim and scope 207 viii Clean energy microgrids 6.2 Conventional clean generation 208 6.2.1 Wind generation 208 6.2.2 Solar generation 209 6.2.3 Hydro generation 210 6.2.4 Geothermal generation 211 6.2.5 Cogeneration 211 6.3 Unconventional clean generation 212 6.3.1 Bioenergy 212 6.3.2 Ocean energy 213 6.3.3 Waste-to-energy 214 6.3.4 Fuel cell 214 6.4 Case study 215 6.4.1 Introduction 215 6.4.2 System under study 217 6.4.3 Operation strategy 221 6.4.4 Simulation results 223 6.4.5 Conclusion 227 Nomenclature 228 References 229 7 Microgrids inJapan 233 Jorge Morel 7.1 Introduction 233 7.1.1 Overview 233 7.1.2 Chapter’s aim and scope 234 7.1.3 Status before the Fukushima nuclear accident 234 7.1.4 Impact of Fukushima nuclear accident on microgrid development 234 7.1.5 Author’s personal experience 235 7.2 Current Japan energy policy 235 7.2.1 The Japanese energy sector 235 7.2.2 The Japanese electricity sector 238 7.2.3 New policy followingthe Fukushima nuclear accident 238 7.3 Pilot projects in Japan and abroad 241 7.3.1 Earliest microgrid projects 241 7.3.2 Smart community projects 244 7.3.3 International projects 252 References 254 8 Microgrids inEurope 259 Sergio Rivera and TomasValencia 8.1 Introduction: the European electrical power system 259 8.1.1 General description 259 8.1.2 The transformation of the European power system 260 Contents ix 8.2 Microgrids research in Europe 261 8.3 Microgrid patents and companies in Europe 263 8.3.1 Microgrids patents in Europe 263 8.3.2 European companies with services onmicrogrids 264 8.4 Current microgridsprojectsin Europe 265 8.4.1 Am Steinweg (Germany) 268 8.4.2 Mannheim-Wallstadt (Germany) 268 8.4.3 AEGmicrogrid in Warstein-Belecke (Germany) 269 8.4.4 Wildpoldsried im Allga¨u(Germany) 269 8.4.5 ISET, Kassel (Germany) 270 8.4.6 Feldheim (Germany) 271 8.4.7 Kythnos (Greece) 271 8.4.8 ICCS-NTUA(Greece) 272 8.4.9 CESIRicerca DER test facility (Italy) 272 8.4.10 University of Genoa –Savona Campus (Italy) 273 8.4.11 EDPswimming pool (Portugal) 274 8.4.12 Factory microgrid (Spain) 274 8.4.13 Atenea (Spain) 275 8.4.14 Labein Experimental Centre (nowTecnalia) (Spain) 275 8.4.15 Centre forAlternative Technology (Wales) 275 8.4.16 UKMicrogrid (England) 275 8.4.17 Isle of Eigg (Scotland) 276 8.4.18 Continuon (The Netherlands) 276 8.4.19 Power Matching City (The Netherlands) 276 8.4.20 Energie Kanton Zu¨rich (EKZ) (Switzerland) 277 8.4.21 Nice Grid(France) 277 8.5 Microgrids perspectives in Europe 278 References 279 9 Microgrids inthe UnitedStates 283 SergioRivera and Miguel Leon 9.1 Introduction: USAelectrical infrastructure 283 9.2 Microgrid research, technology, standards and policy in the USA 285 9.2.1 Microgrid research in the USA 285 9.2.2 Microgrids technology in the USA 288 9.2.3 Clean energy standards and policy inthe USA 291 9.3 Cases of microgrid projects in the USA 293 9.3.1 Microgrid in University of California 298 9.3.2 Fort Carson microgrid 298 9.3.3 Mesa del Sol microgrid 299 9.3.4 Santa Rita Jail microgrid 299 9.3.5 Borrego Springs microgrid 300 9.3.6 Illinois microgrid 300 9.3.7 Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park 302 9.3.8 Kodiak microgrid 302