Rajesh Kumar Jyothi Pankaj Kumar Parhi  Editors Clean Coal Technologies Beneficiation, Utilization, Transport Phenomena and Prospective Clean Coal Technologies Rajesh Kumar Jyothi • Pankaj Kumar Parhi Editors Clean Coal Technologies Beneficiation, Utilization, Transport Phenomena and Prospective Editors Rajesh Kumar Jyothi Pankaj Kumar Parhi Convergence Research Center for Department of Chemistry Development of Mineral Resources (DMR) Fakir Mohan University Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Balasore, Odisha, India Resources (KIGAM) Daejeon, Republic of Korea ISBN 978-3-030-68501-0 ISBN 978-3-030-68502-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68502-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface In global scenario, coal is one of the vital sources, strategically utilized for genera- tion of energy. The coal source has received broader attention worldwide for its beneficiation owing to bear value adding physical and chemical constituents in it. In similar to coal, the fly ash source management is becoming an emerged area of research. Coal fly ash (CFA) is usually generated as a by-product after the combus- tion of coal, and the liberation of the fly ash from the various power plants and industries is abundant. Both coal and fly ash comprising REEs and other valuable metals/non-metals ascertain about their potential applicability by developing suit- able technology for recovery metal values as well as their utilization as activated sorbent material for various environmental remediation processes. In addition, there is significance of numerous applications of both as source of raw material for mak- ing promising composite material(s). Ample amount of studies are being devoted on beneficiation-cum-management of coal, coal ash, and fly ash through various physi- cal, chemical and biological processing approaches. This book accomplishes various prospective applications of coal and fly ash, and extensive research studies are being taken up by researchers on physical/chemical beneficiation, slurry stabilization behaviour, rheology and prospective utilization of making various advanced building construction as well as value-adding material such as cement, brick, geo-polymer, zeolites, concrete, filtering composite material and activated sorbent material(s) including bio-char through numerous methodolo- gies thereof. The entire prospective utilization, beneficiation and development of environmental friendly technology of coal have been categorically covered in sev- eral chapters as described herein. Generation of fly ash, its rheology, transport behaviour and proposed mechanism on stabilization of fly ash slurry using additives have been detailed. Fly ash is con- sidered as a waste material often dumped in various disposal sites directly leading to cause several environmental concerns. Therefore, it could be transported to the disposal site after proper pre-treatment; then the issues due to the contamination as well as cost of waste management could be minimized. Unlike coal water slurry, fly ash slurry is being made to do the pipeline transportation in which water acts as a medium, and with the help of a pump, fly ash particles are transported from power v vi Preface stations to ash ponds. The role of additive is a critical one; presently, natural organic surfactants that are used as promising additive in the stabilization of fly ash slurry are comprehensively illustrated. Beneficiation of coal accomplishes physical concentration method, e.g. agglomeration approach that appears to be versatile towards the treatment of ultra-fine coal particles. The critical parameter affecting the agglomeration has been extensively discussed and reported. The researchers have developed the technology on environmental remediation by utilizing several activated coal for removal of toxic heavy metals. Pre-treatment of the coals, activating agent(s) and operative fac- tors such as temperature, heating rate, reagent dosage and holding time, influencing the nature of the activated coal product that resulted, is systematically summarized and presented. The other way of beneficiation of coal is through biological pro- cesses. The heterotrophs and acidophilic microbes are adopted under acidic envi- ronment to remove organic sulphur by converting it to sulphite form via 4S pathway. The sulphur found at the pyrite gets oxidized to produce sulphuric acid by microbes. The bioleaching approach with the adoption of iron-reducing bacteria could effec- tively dissolve the sulphur content from the coal phase, which substantially resulted as sulphuric acid. In addition to it, the content of rare and heavy metals in both coal and fly ash phases lured to the metallurgist to extract out by hydro-processing approach. Chemical and bioleaching of these metals are carried out by optimizing the operating leaching parameters. Thereby, the coal ash and fly ash phases are ben- eficiated after the removal of organic and inorganic components for their further utilization. The typical bio-char was also synthesized and its physical and chemical behav- iour was examined. The equilibrium sorption studies using the bio-char were inves- tigated. After the activation studies of bio-char and its effective applications for substantial removal, the study of several metals and other ionic contaminates from wastewater has been overviewed and presented. Desulphurization of coal is essen- tial by adopting suitable environmental friendly processes. The attempt on desul- phurization study by adopting various biological approaches was reviewed and presented. The surface modification studies of bio-char have been investigated to ascertain on upgrading of the physicochemical characteristic properties. This would lead to improve on increase in chemical interactions accomplishing electrostatic attraction, surface complexation and ion exchange behaviour, as described. The coal fly ash generated out of coal (utilized at thermal power plants) is usu- ally dumped as such to the environment, but its economic importance for claiming various valuable metals, including rare earth metals as well as other components, ensures for its potential source in metallurgical prospective. Several processing approaches on recovery of these REEs and other metal as well as non-metal values out of the CFA followed by their safe disposal to the environments are extensively investigated as stated. Furthermore, the critical aspect of fly ash as economic source of metals, non-metals and the assessment in contest of its environmental impact has been illustrated. The CFA as potential sources of REEs and incorporation of carbon mineralization process for recovering REEs has been reviewed and reported. Preface vii The insight of understanding about the incorporation of nano-particles for improv- ing the effectiveness of activated carbon for its application in wastewater purifica- tion study is reviewed as presented. Balasore, Odisha, India Pankaj Kumar Parhi Daejeon, Republic of Korea Rajesh Kumar Jyothi Contents 1 Mineral Beneficiation and Processing of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Tonmoy Kundu, Surya Kanta Das, Dinesh Kumar Biswal, and Shivakumar I. Angadi 2 Natural Dispersant in Coal Water Slurry Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Debadutta Das, Prativa Kar, Bijnyan Ranjan Das, Ranjan Kumar Mohapatra, Subrata Narayan Das, Pankaj Kumar Parhi, and Umakanta Behera 3 Application of Biotechnological Approach for Making Coal an Environmentally Friendly Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Haragobinda Srichandan, Puneet Kumar Singh, Pankaj Kumar Parhi, and Snehasish Mishra 4 Oil Agglomeration Towards Quality Enhancement of High-Ash Coals: The Indian Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Saswati Chakladar, Ashok Kumar Mohanty, and Sanchita Chakravarty 5 Preparation of Coal-Derived Activated Carbon and Its Application for Adsorption of Metals from Aqueous Solutions . . . . . 83 Kurniawan and Sookyung Kim 6 Characteristic and Equilibrium Adsorption Studies of Biochar . . . . 143 Vijetha Ponnam, Subbaiah Tondepu, and Rajesh Kumar Jyothi 7 Bio-Desulfurization of Coal Using Biotechnological Approach, Making Coal a Less Harmful Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Hafiz Ahmad Ishfaq, Ayantika Banerjee, and Sanaullah Qamar 8 Environmental Benign Biochar Technologies: Strategic Utilization for CO Capture and Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 2 Mohd Danish Khan and Ji Whan Ahn ix x Contents 9 Role of Nanomaterials: Enhancing the Adsorption Efficiency of Activated Carbon in Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Kiranmai Reddy Majji, Venkata Naga Suresh Reddy Kachireddy, Shashi Kumar Kuruva Nandyal, and Sreenivasa Rao Battula 10 Adsorption of Metals Using Activated Carbon Derived from Coal . . 233 Parag Girhe, Divya Barai, and Bharat Bhanvase 11 Generation, Transportation and Utilization of Indian Coal Ash . . . . 267 Ranjan Kumar Mohapatra, Pradeep Kumar Das, Dulal C. Kabiraz, Debadutta Das, Ajit Behera, and Md. Kudrat-E-Zahan 12 Studies on Extraction of Heavy Metal (s) from Fly Ash through Hydroprocessing Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Saroj Sekhar Behera, Surendra Hansdah, Debadutta Das, Pankaj Kumar Parhi, and Rajesh Kumar Jyothi 13 Investigation on Extraction and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Verónica Cristina Arellano Ruiz, Pankaj Kumar Parhi, Jin-Young Lee, and Rajesh Kumar Jyothi 14 Recovery of Rare Earth and Some Other Potential Elements from Coal Fly Ash for Sustainable Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Harshit Mahandra, Brendan Hubert, and Ahmad Ghahreman 15 Coal Fly Ash Utilisation and Environmental Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Shanjida Sultana, Saifuddin Ahsan, Sakib Tanvir, Nawshad Haque, Firoz Alam, and Mohan Yellishetty 16 Utilization of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash for Simultaneous Recovery of Rare Earth Elements and CO Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 2 Quang Tuan Lai, Thriveni Thenepalli, and Ji Whan Ahn 17 Developments in Characterization and Mineral Processing of Coal Fly Ash for Recovery of Rare Earth Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Tumuluri Sreenivas, Md Serajuddin, Ramkaran Moudgil, and Kacham Anand Rao 18 Coal Burn Ash: A Sustainable Future Resource for Critical Metals Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Manis Kumar Jha, Archana Kumari, Rekha Panda, Rukshana Parween, Sanchita Chakravarty, and Rajesh Kumar Jyothi 19 Characterization and Utilization of Coal Ash for Synthesis of Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Shaswat Kumar Das, Subhabrata Mishra, Debadutta Das, Syed Mohammed Mustakim, Cyriaque Rodrigue Kaze, and Pankaj Kumar Parhi Contents xi 20 Prospective Utilization of Coal Fly Ash for Making Advanced Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Aritra Kumar Dan, Dipanjan Bhattacharjee, Saikat Ghosh, Saroj Sekhar Behera, Birendra Kumar Bindhani, Debadutta Das, and Pankaj Kumar Parhi 21 Biochar Production for Green Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Ayantika Banerjee 22 Distribution of Rare Earth Elements in Coal and Coal Fly Ash . . . . 557 Sanjay Agarwal, Vishal Kumar Dubey, Kyung Ho Park, and Jin-Young Lee 23 Recent Development in Metal Extraction from Coal Fly Ash. . . . . . . 575 Hong Vu, Tomáš Frýdl, Tadeáš Bastl, Petr Dvořák, Eva Kristianová, and Tomáš Tomáško 24 Application of Geochemical Modeling in Rare Earth Elements Leaching of Coal Combustion and Secondary Residues . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Joyce N. Odimba and Rafael M. Santos 25 Ionic Liquids for the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 Isaac Kwabena Danso, Ana Belen Cueva-Sola, Zubair Masaud, Jin- Young Lee, and Rajesh Kumar Jyothi Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639