MONET Text: Nina Kalitina Layout: Baseline Co Ltd 127-129A Nguyen Hue Fiditourist Building, 3rdFloor District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. © Sirrocco, London, UK (English version) © Confidential Concepts, worldwide, USA All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or adapted without the permission of the copyright holder, throughout the world. Unless otherwise specified, copyright on the works reproduced lies with the respective photographers. Despite intensive research, it has not always been possible to establish copyright ownership. Where this is the case, we would appreciate notification. ISBN: 978-1-78042-451-4 Claude Monet 1. Towing a Boat. Honfleur, 1864. Oil on canvas, 55.5 x 82 cm. Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. 4 N umerous portraits of Monet have survived — self-portraits, the works of his friends (Manet and Renoir among others), photographs by Carjat and Nadar — all of them reproducing his features at various stages in his life. Many literary descriptions of Monet’s physical appearance have come down to us as well, particularly after he had become well-known and much in demand by art critics and journalists. In 1919, when Monet was living almost as a recluse at Giverny, not far from Vernon-sur- Seine, he had a visit from Fernand Léger, who saw him as “a shortish gentleman in a panama hat and elegant light-grey suit of English cut… He had a large white beard, a pink face and little eyes that were bright and cheerful but with perhaps a slight hint of mistrust…”1Both the visual and the literary portraits of Monet depict him as an unstable, restless figure. Monet’s abrupt changes of mood, his constant dissatisfaction with himself, his spontaneous decisions, stormy emotions and cold meticulousness, his consciousness of himself as a personality moulded by the preoccupations of his age, set against his extreme individualism — taken together these features elucidate much in Monet’s creative processes and attitudes towards his own work. Claude-Oscar Monet was born in Paris on November 14th, 1840, but all his impressions as a child and adolescent were linked with Le Havre, the town where his family moved in about 1845. The surroundings in which the boy grew up were not conducive to artistic studies: Monet’s father ran a grocery business and turned a deaf ear to his son’s desire to become an artist. Le Havre boasted no museum collections of significance, no exhibitions, no school of art. The gifted boy had to content himself with the advice of his aunt, who painted merely for personal pleasure, and the directions of his school-teacher. The most powerful impression on the young Monet in Normandy was made by his acquaintance with the artist Eugène Boudin. It was Boudin who discouraged Monet from spending his time on the caricatures that brought him his initial success as an artist, and urged him to turn to landscape painting. Boudin recommended that Monet observe the sea and the sky and study people, animals, buildings and trees in the light, in the air. He said: “Everything that is painted directly on the spot has a strength, a power, a sureness of touch that one doesn’t find again in the studio”2. These words could serve as an epigraph to Monet’s work. Monet’s further development took place in Paris, and then again in Normandy, but this time in the company of artists. His formation was in many ways identical to that of other painters of his generation, and yet at the same time his development as an artist had profoundly distinctive individual features. 5 Monet preferred current exhibitions and meetings with contemporary artists to visiting museums. A study of his letters provides convincing evidence that contact with the Old Masters excited him far less than the life around him and the beauties of Nature. What then did particularly strike Monet during his first trip to Paris in 1859? An exhaustive reply is found in his letters to Boudin from Paris after his visit to the Salon. The young provincial passes indifferently by the historical and religious paintings of Boulanger, Gérôme, Baudry and Gigoux; the battle-scenes depicting the Crimean campaign do not attract him at all; even Delacroix, represented by such 2. Le Pavé de Chailly in works as The Ascent to Calvary, St Sebastian, Ovid, The Abduction of Rebeccaand other similar subject the Forest of Fontainebleau, 1865. paintings, seems to him unworthy of interest. Corot on the other hand is “nice”, Theodore Rousseau Oil on canvas, is “very good”, Daubigny is “truly beautiful”, and Troyon is “superb”. Monet called on Troyon, an 97 x 130 cm. animal and landscape painter whose advice Boudin had earlier found valuable. Troyon made Ordrupgaarsamlingen, recommendations which Monet relayed in his letters to Boudin — he should learn to draw figures, Charlottenlund- Copenhagen. make copies in the Louvre, and should enter a reputable studio, for instance that of Thomas Couture. 6 Monet thus immediately identified the figures who would provide his artistic guidelines. These were the landscapists of the Barbizon school, who had pointed French landscape painting towards its own native countryside; Millet and Courbet, who had turned to depicting the work and way of life of simple people; and, finally, Boudin and Jongkind, who had brought to landscape the freshness and immediacy lacking in works of the older generation of Barbizon painters. Monet was to paint alongside several of these masters — Boudin, Jongkind, Courbet (and Whistler, too) — and by watching them at work he would receive much practical instruction. Although Monet did not regard with great favour his immediate teacher Charles Gleyre, whose studio he joined in 1862, his stay there was by no means wasted, for he acquired valuable professional skills during this time. Moreover Gleyre, although an advocate of the academic system of teaching, nonetheless allowed 3. The Mouth of the Seine at his pupils a certain amount of freedom and did not attempt to dampen any enthusiasm for Honfleur, 1865. Oil on canvas, 90 x 150 cm. landscape painting. Most important to Monet in Gleyre’s studio, however, were his incipient Norton Simon Museum, friendships with Bazille, Renoir and Sisley. Pasadena, CA. 7 4. Woman in a Green Dress (Camille), 1866. Oil on canvas, 231 x 151 cm. Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen. 5. Ladies in the Garden, 1866. Oil on canvas, 250 x 208 cm. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. 8 9 We know that he had already become acquainted with Pissarro, and thus it can be said that from the earliest stage of his career Fate brought Monet together with those who were to be his colleagues and allies for many years to come. Manet and Monet knew one another’s work long before they 6. Luncheon on the Grass, were introduced, and although at first very guarded in his attitude to Monet’s artistic 1866. experimentation, the Batignolle group’s leader soon became interested in him and began to follow Oil on canvas, 248 x 217 cm. the development of his work very attentively. As far as Monet was concerned, he did not so much Pushkin Museum of imitate Manet as imbibe the older artist’s spirit of questing, gaining the impetus to release the Fine Arts, Moscow. powers latent within him. Monet’s development was also influenced by his active contacts with 7. Garden in Blossom, Bazille, Renoir, Sisley and Pissarro. Discussions, arguments and, most importantly, working 1866. together, served to sharpen the individual skills of each and facilitated the development of certain Oil on canvas, general principles. During the 1860s Monet had not yet determined his personal subject matter, 65 x 54 cm. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. but he had no wish to turn to historical, literary or exotic subjects. 10