Classicism of the Twenties Classicism of the Twenties Art, Music, and Literature theodore ziolkowski The University of Chicago Press ó Chicago and London theodore The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 ziolkowski is professor The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London emeritus of German and © 2015 by The University of Chicago comparative literature at All rights reserved. Published 2015. Princeton University. Printed in the United States of America 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5 isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 18398- 5 (cloth) isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 18403- 6 (e- book) doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226184036.001.0001 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014029537 a This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso z39.48- 1992 (Permanence of Paper). For Ilhi Synn President, Keimyung University, a student who became a friend, in admiration of his achievements in support of the arts and humanities in South Korea and globally Contents List of Figures ix Preface xi part 1 the theory 1 Prewar Classicism 3 Classicism as Term 4 Classicism as Reaction 10 Prewar Classicism 12 An Ironic Retrospective 27 2 Classicism of the Twenties 35 Wartime Transitions 35 The Turning Point 44 The Dissemination 52 The Turn to Antiquity 60 part 2 the practice 3 Three Exemplary Figures 71 The Composer: Igor Stravinsky 73 The Artist: Pablo Picasso 91 The Writer: T. S. Eliot 109 Summary 120 part 3 test cases 4 The Writers 125 James Joyce 127 Jean Cocteau 131 Hans Henny Jahnn 135 Paul Valéry 139 5 The Artists 146 Giorgio de Chirico 146 Gino Severini, Fernand Léger, and Others 154 Francis Picabia 159 6 The Composers 163 Paul Hindemith 163 Alfredo Casella 175 part 4 conclusions 7 Classicism of the Twenties? 189 Notes 199 Index 231 Figures figure 1 Giorgio de Chirico, Song of Love (1914) 43 figure 2 Pablo Picasso, Studies (1920) 94 figure 3 Pablo Picasso, Bacchanal with Minotaur (1933/34) 102 figure 4 Pablo Picasso, Two Women Running on the Beach (1922) 103 figure 5 Pablo Picasso, Three Women at the Spring (1921) 105 figure 6 Pablo Picasso, Woman in White (1923) 107 figure 7 Giorgio de Chirico, The Joys and Enigmas of a Strange Hour (1941) 150 figure 8 Giorgio de Chirico, Roman Villa (1922) 151 figure 9 Giorgio de Chirico, Departure of the Argonauts (1921) 152 figure 10 Fernand Léger, Three Women by a Garden (1922) 158