AN EPIC HISTORY OF GREECE ROME AND 'Epic the true sense' In THE TIMES, BOOKS OF THE YEAR 'Hugely entertaining ancient history lives for Robin Lane Fox and he makes it live for his audience", a terrific read' SUNDAY TIMES The classical civilizations ofGreece and Rome dominated the world for centuries and continue to intrigue, inspire and enlighten us with their legacies - including philosophy, politics, theatre, athletics, celebrity, science and even the pleasures of horse racing. Robin Lane Fox's spellbinding history spans almost a tholtsand years ofchange, from the foundation of the world's first democracy to the Roman Republic and the Empire under Hadrian. Bringing to life great figures such as Homer, Socrates, Alexander, Julius Caesar, Augustus and the first Christian martyrs, exploring the ancients' ideas of freedom,justice and luxury, this wonderful tour brings the titanic histories ofGreece and Rome together in a masterly study. 'He writes supremely well ... a keen eye for the telling detail and powerful example ... the humanity of the exercise shines through ... compulsory, and compulsive, reading' PETERJONES. SUNDAY TELEGRAPH 'The fortunate reader is propelled onwards on the crest ofa wave of dazzling prose' PAUL CARTLEDGE. BBC HISTORY 'Lane Fox writes with courage and without moralizing ... Here is a portrait ofantiquity, warts and all' MAURICE POPE,THE TIMES HIGHER EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT ISBN 0-141-02141-1 IIII I PengUIn History 9 780141 021416 ... Coverphotographs: Patrick Leroy/RMN;Alamy U.K. [9.99 pen~ULn corn CAN.$20.00 PENGUIN BOOKS THE CLASSICAL WORLD 'Colourful,pacey,panoramic...agrand survey' BoydTonkin, Independent, BooksoftheYear 'A masterful canterthroughthe Classicalera ...Wearein the hands ofan authorwhoknowsthatan epiccan onlybedriven bybigcharacters... Here liesthe author's mastery,matchinga lifelongfamiliaritywithhissubjectto the basicneedsofa newly arrivedapprentice' NigelSpivey, FinancialTimes 'A stirring,authoritative andentertainingaccountfrom Homer's Iliadto Hadrian's Wall byoneofOxford's mostcelebrated classicists' Obseroer 'Witty...engaging... decidedly laddish...LaneFox isan excellentstoryteller' Mary Beard, Independent 'To be warmly welcomedasa stimulatingsurveyof 1,000years ofclassical history...alwayselegant, butalsored-blooded, judgementaland above all, clear' Church Times 'His storytellinghereis incense and engaging...amagnificenr, panoramic inrroduction to the ancientworld' PeterHeather,SundayTimes PENGUII' BOOKS PublishedbythePenguinGroup PenguinBookshd,80Srrand,LondonWC2RORL,England PenguinGroup(USA)Inc.,375HudsonStreet,i-IewYork,NewYork10014,USA PenguinGroup(Canadal,90EglinronAvenueEasr,Suite700,Toronw,Ontario,Canada\\41'2V) (adivisionofPearsonPenguinCanadaIn<c,) PenguinIreland,1)StStephen'sGreen,Dublin1,In.'land (adivisionojPenguinBooksLtd) PenguinGrouplAusrralia),2)0CamberweJlRoad,Camberwell,Victoria3124,Auslralia (adivisionojPearsonAustraliaGroupPryLtd) PenguinIkioksIndiaPvtLtd,IICommuniryCentre,Pan<chshulPark,NewDelhi~110or7,India PenguinGroup(NZ),emAirborneandRosedaleRoads,Albany,Auckland1310,KewZe"land (adivisionofPearsoni-IewZealandttd) PenguinBooks(SomhAfrica)(PryjLtd,14SturdeeA\'enue,Rosebank,Johanneshurg2.T96,SOUThAfrica P'mguinBooksLtd,RegiskredOffi<ces:80Slrand,LondonWC1RORL,Englami 'h'Ww.pengmn.<com FirstpublishedbyAllenLane2005 PublishedwithnewmalerialinI'enguinBooks2006 5 Copyright©RobinLaneFox,2005,1006 Allrighlsreserved ThemoralrighloftheaUlhorhasbeenasserted TypeserbyRowlandPhorotypesettingLtd,BuryStEdmunds,Suffolk PrinledinEnglandbyClaysLtd,StIvespk ExceptintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,thisbookissoldsubjlX't toIheconditionthatitshallnot,bywayoftradeorotherwise,belent, re-sold,hiredout,orotherwisecirculatedwithoutthepublisher's priorconsentinanyformofbindingor<coverotherthanthatin whichilispubiil;hedandwithoulasimilar<conditionincludingthis <conditionbeingimpmedonIhesubsequentpurchaser ISBN-13: 978-0-r41-01T4I~6 ISBN-IO: 0-141-02141-1 FOR MARTHA T6aaa na86uan He foundhis fatheraloneinhiswell·orderedorchard Diggingroundaplant:hewaswearingadirtytunic. Patchedandunseemly,androundhisshinshehadbound Sewnleatherleg-guards, keepingoffscratches, Andhehadglovesonhishandsbecauseofthethorns. Onhisheadheworeagoatskincap,increasinghisairofsorrow. When noble,enduringOdysseussawhim Worn byoldageandwith suchgreatsadness in hisheart, Hestoodbeneathatallpear-treeandshedtears... Odysseus returnstohisfather: Homer, Odyssey 24.226-34 This tomb ofwell·sculptedmetal Coversthedeadbodyofagreathero, Zenodotus. Buthissoulisinheaven, whereOrpheusis, Where Platois,andhasfoundaholyseat,{itto receiveagod. For, hewasavaliantcavalrymanin theEmperor'sservice, Famous, eloquent,god-like. Inhisspeech He wasacopyofSocratesamongthe Tlalianpeople. T.eavingtohischildrenhissoundancestralfortune, He hasdied.a{itoldman. leavingboundlesssorrow To hiswell·bornfriends, hiscityanditscitizens. PalatineAnthology7.363, possiblycomposed byHadrianhimself Contents List ofMaps Xlll Preface xv Hadrian andthe Classical World I PART ONE The Archaic Greek World T HomericEpic I3 2 The Greeks'Settlements 24 3 Aristocrats 38 4 TheImmortal Gods 49 5 Tyrantsand Lawgivers 58 6 Sparta 69 7 TheEastern Gleeks 79 8 Towards Democracy 88 9 ThePersianWars 99 10 TheWestern Greeks III PART TWO The ClassicalGreek World II Conquestand Empire us 12 AChangingGreek CultutalWorld I37 IX CONTENTS "3 Periclesand Athens IS' I4 ThePeloponnesian War 159 "5 Socrates 169 16 Fighting for FreedomandJustice 175 17 Women and Children 185 18 Philip ofMacedon 192 19 The Two Philosophels 201 20 Fourth-centuryAthenians 213 PART THREE Hellenistic Worlds 21 Alexander the Great 229 22 Alexander'sEarlySuccessors 241 23 Life in the Big Cities 252 24 Taxes and Technologies 264 25 The NewWorld 271 26 Rome Reaches Out 281 27 The Peaceofthe Gods 296 28 Liberationin the South 304 29 Hannibal and Rome F2 30 DiplomacyandDominance 322 PART FOUR The Roman Republic 3" Luxury and Licence 333 32 TurbulenceatHome and Abroad 343 33 Pompey'sTriumphs 355 34 TheWorld ofCicero 366 35 TheRise ofJulius Caesar 377 36 TheSpectreofCivilWar 387 x CONTENTS 37 The FatalDictator 400 38 LiberationBetrayed 415 PART FIVE From Republic to Empire 39 Antonyand Cleopatra 427 40 The Making ofthe EmperoI 439 4I Morals and Society 448 42 SpectatorSports 460 43 The Roman Army 471 44 The NewAge 481 PART SIX An Imperial World 45 TheJulio-Claudians 497 46 RulingtheProvinces 5'0 47 Effects ofEmpire 52° 48 ChristianityandRoman Rule 533 49 Surviving Four Emperors 541 50 TheNew Dynasty 547 5' The LastDays ofPompeii 556 52 ANew Man in Action 568 53 APagan and Christians 575 54 Regime Change, Home and Away 583 55 Presentingthe Past 590 Hadrian: aRetrospective 597 Notes 607 Select Bibliography 636 Commentary on the Illustrations 671 Index 685 X> List ofMaps I Greece andtheAegeanworld 14 2 Greek settlements overseas 26 3 Thewestern Greeks I I 3 4 TheAthenian Empire Il7 5 Theconquests ofAlexander 232 6 TheHellenistic world 254 7 Rome reachesout: (a) Within Italy; 284 (b) Against herneighbours 285 8 Rome's expansioninItaly before 95 Be 345 9 Rome's westernprovinces 483 10 Rome'sEmpire to theEast 514 II (a) Pompeiiand its neighbours; 557 (b) Town planofPompeii 558