STUDY OF TWO PAIR OF LEGS Ballpoint pen, colored pencil, white chalk on toned paper. Copyright © 2015 by Valerie L. Winslow All rights reserved. Published in the United States by WatsonGuptill Publications, an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House LLC, a Penguin Random House Company, New York. www.crownpublishing.com www.watsonguptill.com WATSONGUPTILL and the WG and Horse designs are registered trademarks of Random House LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Winslow, Valerie L. Classic human anatomy in motion : the artist’s guide to the dynamics of figure drawing / Valerie L. Winslow.— First Edition. pages cm 1. Anatomy, Artistic. 2. Figure drawing—Technique. 3. Motion in art. I. Title. NC760.W535 2015 743.4’9—dc23 2014027715 Hardcover ISBN: 978-0-7704-3414-4 eBook ISBN: 978-0-77043415-1 Cover design by Chloe Rawlins Interior Design by Happenstance Type-O-Rama v3.1 STUDY OF OTEINO AS A YOUNG MAN Graphite pencil, colored pencil, white chalk on toned paper. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincerest thanks to many people whose professional service, advice, friendship, and never-ending support helped get me through the long and grueling days I spent on this book for nearly four years. First and foremost, I express my deepest gratitude to my project editor, James Waller. With his incredible editorial skills, gentle wit, and sharp hawk eyes for the smallest of details, he took an overloaded manuscript and condensed it into one with a cohesive continuity. I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation to the people at Watson- Guptill Publications (Ten Speed Press) who were so essential to getting this book published: editorial director Julie Bennett, senior editor Lisa Westmoreland, designers Chloe Rawlins and Maureen Forys, associate manager of publicity Natalie Mulford, and editorial assistant Ali Slagle. I also want to express my heartfelt thanks to the following people: Ward Abronski; Cynthia Mohr Anderson; Rob Anderson; John Asaro; Sonia Belliveau; Kelsey Beyer; attorney M. J. “Bo” Bogatin; Veronique Bohne; Andrew Brennan; Lisa Buch; Andrew Cawrse; Ben Chrisler; Annie Cilley; Victoria Craven; Roy Flores; Sandy Frank; Grace Fua; Carol Peek Griffin; Joshua D. Hammer, DMD; Steve Jacobsen; Owen Kahn; Thomas Kennedy; Kirk Kwiatkowski; Gregory Longfellow; Annamarie Nelson, fine arts coordinator for online education, AAU; Dr. Craig Nelson, director of the Undergraduate School of Fine Arts and codirector of the Graduate School of Fine Art, AAU; Nhi Nguyen; Linda Nichols; Carol A. Nunnelly; Mia Paschal; Leila Porteous; Pam Powell; Suzanne Ramsey; Candace Raney, retired senior editor at Watson-Guptill; Dr. Gary D. Richards, associate professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, San Francisco; Ronnie A. Roche; Dr. Phyliss Senter; Theresa Shugue; Dr. Elisa Stephens, president of the Academy of Art University; Dr. Richard A. Stephens, chairman emeritus of the Academy of Art University; Jason Strevens; Tomutsu Takishima; Dean Taylor; Walter Thompson III; Claudio Tudisco; Joshua Utay, MEd, CPO; Oteino Vumapile; Cameron Wasson; Caleb Whitebeck; Lanie Wieland; Don Wolfe; Joy von Wollfersdorff; and Tendai Wutawunashe, as well as to all the students I’ve had the pleasure of teaching over the past thirty-five years. CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Preface Introduction CHAPTER 1: Bones and Surface Landmarks The Main Bones of the Human Figure Bony Landmarks The Cranium The Vertebral Column The Thorax (Rib Cage) The Sternum The Shoulder Girdle of the Rib Cage Bones of the Upper Limb The Humerus The Ulna and Radius Bones of the Hand The Pelvis Bones of the Lower Limb Bones of the Foot CHAPTER 2: Joints and Joint Movement Basic Joint Types Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints Basic Joint Movements Anatomical Planes The Individual Joints of the Skeleton Mandible Joint Joints of the Vertebral Column, Rib Cage, and Pelvis Joints of the Upper Limb and Shoulder Girdle Joints of the Lower Limb CHAPTER 3: Muscle and Tendon Characteristics Skeletal Muscles Muscle Architecture Muscles’ Internal Structure Muscle Attachments (Tendons) Tendon Landmarks Tendons of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle of the Neck Tendons of the Dorsal Side of the Hand Tendons of the Anterior Region of the Lower Arm Tendons of the Hamstring Muscles The Achilles Tendon Tendons of the Dorsal Side of the Foot Muscle Contraction Dynamic Muscle Contraction Static Muscle Contraction Muscles’ Differing Roles Agonist (Prime Mover) and Antagonist