A series in primary science WorkBook Class 4 Jayashree Ramadas Author and primary science co-ordinator Team for Small Science Class 4 General co-ordinator Research assistance Arvind Kumar Suchitra Varde Design and illustrations Karen Haydock 1 3 YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries. Published in India by Oxford University Press © Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education 2001, 2007 The moral rights of the author/s have been asserted. Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2001 Second edition 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. ISBN-13: 978-0-19-568373-8 ISBN-10: 0-19-568373-0 Based on the theme ‘Watch, listen, do and think!’, the cover depicts a young girl, Mini, watching the full moon rise over a rice field. The neologisms ‘TextBook’ and ‘WorkBook’ are indicative of the innovative and distinct approach of Small Science. Typeset in Times New Roman by Anvi Composers, Delhi Printed in India by Tara Art Printers, Noida and published by Oxford University Press YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001 GGGGGeeeeennnnneeeeerrrrraaaaalllll ppppprrrrreeeeefffffaaaaaccccceeeee The Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE) has been active in research and field work since 1974. Interdisciplinary scholarship at the Centre has been developed around a doctoral program in Science Education. As one outcome of this research and development, about ten years ago, textbooks, workbooks and teacher's books in primary science were brought out by HBCSE. The books received warm and appreciative response from all quarters - teachers, students, parents, professionals and also Government agencies. At the time of first publication some of the ideas in these books appeared radical and unconventional. Today these ideas have become part of the discourse of education in our country. We are therefore very happy that the Oxford University Press has taken on itself the job of publishing and distributing these books on a much wider scale. The National Curriculum Framework 2005 has prepared five guiding principles for curriculum development: connecting knowledge to life outside the school; ensuring that learning shifts away from rote methods; enriching the curriculum so that it goes beyond textbooks; making examinations more flexible and integrating them with classroom life; and nurturing an overriding identity informed by caring concerns within the democratic polity of the country. Often however there remains a gap between the generally agreed objectives of the curriculum and their actual translation into textbooks and teaching practices. The books brought out by HBCSE reflect an attempt to close this gap as much as possible. It is for the users of these books to decide if this attempt has been successful. Arvind Kumar iii PPPPPrrrrreeeeefffffaaaaaccccceeeee tttttooooo SSSSSmmmmmaaaaallllllllll SSSSSccccciiiiieeeeennnnnccccceeeee CCCCClllllaaaaassssssssss 44444 The Small Science books have emerged out of a process of research, field-work and classroom trials. Their activity-based approach is based on the idea that first-hand concrete experiences at an early age gradually strengthen the child’s capacity to construct abstract formulations. Curriculum units are therefore developed around simple, cognitively and contextually appropriate, activities and exercises which help children explore and understand the world around them. Small Science discourages memorisation of text, focusing instead on acquisition of tools of learning: namely, observation, design drawing and construction, along with basic scholastic skills of speaking, reading, writing and calculating. The books interweave a story about two curious children, Mini and Apu, who learn many things by observing, doing, inquiring and reflecting on their experiences. Questions stimulate students to observe and think beyond the book, while stories and poems enliven their reading. The WorkBook lays out a format for recording results of the activities and exercises. The same format enables continuous assessment of the student’s work. The Teacher’s Book provides conceptual guidance and practical hints. Much effort has gone into providing the teacher with background information relevant to the Indian socio-cultural, geographical and natural-historical context. Results of classroom trials too are conveyed through first-person accounts in the Teacher’s Book. These books are supplemented by a Teacher’s Book in Environmental Studies for Classes 1 and 2 which is available from the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. Do write and tell us if you liked the books; and please send us your ideas for improving them. Jayashree Ramadas Teacher support: [email protected] iv AAAAAccccckkkkknnnnnooooowwwwwllllleeeeedddddgggggeeeeemmmmmeeeeennnnntttttsssss I would like to thank: Arvind Kumar who initiated the Homi Bhabha Curriculum and gave constant encouragement and guidance Suchitra Varde who conscientiously tested the activities and exercises The principals, staff and students of the Children’s Aid Society, Nutan Vidya Mandir and the Atomic Energy Central Schools, Mumbai, and Vivek High School, Chandigarh, who enthusiastically participated in the trials Karen Haydock who did the design and illustrations, contributed many good ideas and gave interesting feedback from the classroom Children of Village Titaram, Kaithal Dist., Haryana, the Atomic Energy Central Schools, Mumbai, and Vivek High School, Chandigarh, who contributed some wonderful pictures Members of HBCSE who clarified my doubts: Anand Ghaisas, Ashwini Kanhere, R. S. Korgaonkar, Rekha Vartak, Sandhya Thulasidas, Savita Ladage, V. G. Gambhir and V. N. Purohit; and those who also gave valuable suggestions on the draft versions: Bakhtavar Mahajan, Chitra Natarajan, G. Nagarjuna, Jyotsna Vijapurkar, K. Subramaniam, Poornima Burte and Sugra Chunawala P. R. Fadnavis, C. S. Pawar and others who provided administrative support and N. S. Thigale and G. Mestry who helped in photocopying Ravindra Patwardhan, Fouzia Dohadwala and Gouri Patil who helped in the final stages of production M. M. Johri and K. S. Krishnan of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), B. Shyamala of the Colaba Observatory, S. K. Dash of the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, V. Abraham, formerly of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, I. Kehimkar of the Bombay Natural History Society and G. V. Joshi of New English School, Murbad, who gave expert advice The School of Mathematics, TIFR, who allowed use of their computer facilities My daughter Rohini, son Harishchandra and many good friends, who were so supportive during some difficult times. Jayashree Ramadas v CCCCCooooonnnnnttttteeeeennnnntttttsssss GGGGGeeeeennnnneeeeerrrrraaaaalllll PPPPPrrrrreeeeefffffaaaaaccccceeeee............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. iiiiiiiiiiiiiii PPPPPrrrrreeeeefffffaaaaaccccceeeee tttttooooo SSSSSmmmmmaaaaallllllllll SSSSSccccciiiiieeeeennnnnccccceeeee CCCCClllllaaaaassssssssss44444 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iiiiivvvvv AAAAAccccckkkkknnnnnooooowwwwwllllleeeeedddddgggggeeeeemmmmmeeeeennnnntttttsssss..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vvvvv UUUUUNNNNNIIIIITTTTT 11111 SSSSSKKKKKYYYYY AAAAANNNNNDDDDD WWWWWEEEEEAAAAATTTTTHHHHHEEEEERRRRR CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 11111 SSSSSuuuuunnnnn,,,,, wwwwwiiiiinnnnnddddd,,,,, ccccclllllooooouuuuudddddsssss aaaaannnnnddddd rrrrraaaaaiiiiinnnnn...................................................................................................................................................... 33333 CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 22222 DDDDDaaaaayyyyy ssssskkkkkyyyyy,,,,, nnnnniiiiiggggghhhhhttttt ssssskkkkkyyyyy ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3333366666 UUUUUNNNNNIIIIITTTTT 22222 AAAAAIIIIIRRRRR CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 33333 FFFFFuuuuunnnnn wwwwwiiiiittttthhhhh aaaaaiiiiirrrrr!!!!!.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4444499999 CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 44444 WWWWWhhhhhaaaaattttt’’’’’sssss iiiiinnnnn ttttthhhhheeeee aaaaaiiiiirrrrr????? .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6666644444 UUUUUNNNNNIIIIITTTTT 33333 WWWWWAAAAATTTTTEEEEERRRRR CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 55555 FFFFFuuuuunnnnn wwwwwiiiiittttthhhhh wwwwwaaaaattttteeeeerrrrr!!!!! ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7777755555 CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 66666 WWWWWaaaaattttteeeeerrrrr aaaaannnnnddddd llllliiiiifffffeeeee ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9999933333 CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 77777 WWWWWaaaaattttteeeeerrrrr aaaaannnnnddddd uuuuusssss........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 111110000022222 UUUUUNNNNNIIIIITTTTT 44444 FFFFFOOOOOOOOOODDDDD CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 88888 WWWWWhhhhheeeeerrrrreeeee ooooouuuuurrrrr fffffooooooooooddddd cccccooooommmmmeeeeesssss fffffrrrrrooooommmmm ........................................................................................................................ 111111111177777 CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 99999 FFFFFooooooooooddddd iiiiinnnnn ooooouuuuurrrrr bbbbbooooodddddiiiiieeeeesssss.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 111113333377777 CCCCChhhhhaaaaapppppttttteeeeerrrrr 1111100000 WWWWWhhhhhaaaaattttt iiiiisssss ttttthhhhhrrrrrooooowwwwwnnnnn ooooouuuuuttttt.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 111114444488888 OOOOOuuuuutttttllllliiiiinnnnneeeee ooooofffff SSSSSmmmmmaaaaallllllllll SSSSSccccciiiiieeeeennnnnccccceeeee ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 111116666600000 UNIT 1 SSSSSKKKKKYYYYY AAAAANNNNNDDDDD WWWWWEEEEEAAAAATTTTTHHHHHEEEEERRRRR Chapter 1 Sun, wind, clouds and rain Chapter 2 Day sky, night sky Assessment Sheet: Unit 1 CCCCCaaaaattttteeeeegggggooooorrrrryyyyy SSSSScccccooooorrrrreeeee CCCCCooooommmmmmmmmmeeeeennnnntttttsssss Observation ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... Understanding ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... Oral Language (Talking) ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... Written Language (Writing) ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... Design Skills ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... Quantitative Skills ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... Enthusiasm in doing activities ............................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Patience and concentration ............................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Independent thinking ............................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Co-operation with other students ............................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Completion of home assignments ............................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 11111 C H A P T E R SSSSSuuuuunnnnn,,,,, WWWWWiiiiinnnnnddddd,,,,, CCCCClllllooooouuuuudddddsssss aaaaannnnnddddd RRRRRaaaaaiiiiinnnnn Watching the weather 1. The weather (TextBook page 4) a. Look out of the window and answer these four questions: (i) Is the sky cloudy or clear? ................................................................................................... (ii) Is it warm or cold? ................................................................................................................... (iii) Is it windy or calm? ................................................................................................................ (iv) Is it rainy or dry?...................................................................................................................... Was yesterday’s weather similar or different? ....................................................................................................................................................................... Anything else you want to say about the weather today? ....................................................................................................................................................................... b. Title of your story:......................................................................................................................... 2. Weather calendar (TB p. 4) a. Here's how to fill in the weather calendar for the month: (i) Write the year and the month. (ii) Fill in the dates for this month. b. Describe today’s weather. Use words like: sunny no clouds a few white clouds many clouds overcast sky covered with gray clouds no rain some rain heavy rain warm cool thunder-storm windy calm drizzling rain humid dry extremely hot Note any special event (such 10 School function! .................................................................... as a holiday, festival, or a 9.30 partly cloudy, warm Thu school function) .................................................................... not windy .................................................................... 2pm clear, hot, humid An example of how to fill in one day's data 3