Notalepid. 27(1): 3-10 3 Clas Michael Naumann zu Königsbrück 26.06.1939 - 15.02.2004 On 15th February 2004, Clas Naumann passed away at his home in Wachtberg-Pech, nearBonn, Germany. He hadbeen fighting a severe cancer overthe past years, a fight which he ultimately lostjust six weeks before his official retirement from the direc- torship ofthe Zoological Museum Alexander Koenig at Bonn. With his tragic death we lost an inspiring and truly outstanding friend and colleague, European entomology has lost one ofits leading and most influential lepidopterists, and SEL has lost one of its Honorary Members. Clas Naumann is survived by his wife Dr. Storai Naumann zu Königsbrück - Nawabi, and their two children, Alexander and Roxana Naumann. Clas Naumann was born on 26th June 1939 at Dresden, as the only son of Dr. Eberhard Naumann zu Königsbrück and his wife Freda-Irena Naumann, nee Hannemann. The first years ofhis life were spent at the family estate at Königsbrück near Dresden, but his early childhood was overshadowed by the raging Second World War, which forced the family to flee Königsbrück, leaving all belongings behind, in early 1945, when Clas was just over five years old. After spending a few years near Hameln and in Wilhelmshaven, the family eventually found a new home at Braunschweig, where his father could work with the forestry service. Eberhard Naumann, a forester, devoted general naturalist, and keen beetle collector, successfully ©Notalepidopterologica,28.06.2004,ISSN0342-7536 4 ObituarytoClasNaumann planted the seeds during his son's youth for the joy and rewards of observing and studying natural history. During his years as a school boy Clas' early interests in nature, especially in insects, were reinforced by contacts with local entomologists, such as the late Fritz Hartwieg, author of a comprehensive regional study of the Lepidoptera of the Braunschweig area (Hartwieg 1958). This and other important contacts soon rendered butterflies and moths Clas Naumann's prime objects ofstudy. His very first publication which appeared while he was still in high school thus dealt with his Lepidoptera findings during a summerholiday spentwithhisparents in 1956 near MariaTaferl inAustria (Naumann 1958). Following his high school graduation, he moved in 1959 to Tübingen in southern Germany to attend for one year the local "Leibniz-Kolleg" and then to enrol at the university. Firstly studying chemistry, but without genuine interest in the matter, he soon changedhis main subjectto biologywhere his real interests hadalreadybeen for some time. It was during his student years at Tübingen, an area still very rich in insects in those days, when his interests in Lepidoptera became finally focussed on Burnet Moths, specifically the genus Zygaena. With his open and outgoing attitude, he soon made contact with the leading Zygaenidae specialists at the time, notably BurchardAlberti and Hugo Reiss. At Hugo Reiss's home in nearby Stuttgart, he was able to admire for the first time a large comprehensive collection exclusively made of Burnet Moths, which left a lasting impression on the young student and keen collector he had become by that time. Already in 1966, in his second entomological publication, he described a new Burnet species from southern Turkey, Zygaena problematica Naumann, 1966, following a three month collecting expedition to Eastern Turkey which he had planned himself and jointly undertaken with a fellow undergraduate biology student from Tübingen university. Despite a lasting broader interest in Lepidoptera, and, later as a zoologist, with a solidbackground from classi- cal training leading to general appreciation ofall organisms much beyond insects and arthropods, his own group remainedthe Zygaenidae, with a life long obsessionforthe red-coloured Burnet Moths ofthe genus Zygaena. After obtaining his biology degree from the Eberhard-Karls University at Tübingen, he moved to the University ofBonn for his dissertation, where GüntherNiethammer, a renowned ornithologist and systematic biologist, became his supervisor. Not being allowed to work for his Ph.D. on Zygaenidae, his "hobby group", the Sesiidae were chosen to be the subject ofhis thesis, a work which turned into a full phylogenetic analysis ofthe Holarctic Sesiidae (Naumann 1971). This thorough study applied for the first time consistently and successfully the principles ofphylogenetic systematics, as recently formulated by Willy Hennig (1966), towards a revision ofa larger group within the Lepidoptera. Being at the forefront ofsystematic research at the time, his thesis was subsequently translated into English (Naumann 1977a). He kept a lifelong interest in Clearwing Moths, which led him much later to take on the editorship for a comprehensive and fully illustrated treatise ofPalaearctic Sesiidae as a first volume ofa new handbook series (Spatenka et al. 1999). Following the completion of his Ph.D. thesis and its successful defence in January 1970, he took up an opportunity through a partnership between the Universities of Nota lepid. 27(1): 3-10 5 Cologne, Bochum, and Bonn, and the University ofKabul to enlist for an academic exchange program with Afghanistan, a country which had fascinated him already as a school boy and student by reading classical travel literature from the 19th century. Forhis postdoc years Clas Naumannthus went as a guest lecturer in zoology to Kabul University, where it was one ofhis several, partly selfappointed duties to build up a zoological collection and a small museum for the university. The three years he spent inAfghanistan became most influential for his further professional and personal life, and lasted in a lifelong affection for that remote country, her people and nature. He already had acquired a predilection for the Middle East and Central Asia as that part ofthe Palaearctic region with the largest and least explored high mountain areas and home ofa highly specialised but still surprisingly diverse fauna and flora. By quickly learning the language and adopting to the culture ofhis host country, he made good use ofhis staybyorganising andengaging ina series ofexcursions andextensive field work throughout Afghanistan, which brought him to such remote areas as Nuristan and Registan, the provinces of Badakhshan and Paktia, as well as to the Wakhan Valley in the Afghan Pamirs (Naumann 1974a). These field trips and expeditions, apart from many surprise findings for different groups of animals and plants (e.g., Naumann & Niethammer 1973), also led to the discovery of a number of new Zygaena taxa, including one new species (Naumann 1974b, 1977b). With the overthrow ofthe former Royal Afghan government in 1973, which later led to a military coup, the invasion ofthe country by the Soviet Union, and a raging civil war until recent times, a continuation ofhis stay and especially field work became increasingly difficult. After he returned to Germany, Clas Naumann first moved back to Bonn but then took a position as lecturer for zoology at the University ofMunich in 1975. He continued to work up the many results and collections from his Afghanistan field studies, which he also generously shared with many colleagues and specialists for study and publication (e.g., Äussern 1980; Eisner & Naumann 1980; Efetov 1994). His personal affection for Afghanistan also turned into a permanent relationship for his private life by marring in 1974 Storai Nawabi, an Afghan zoologist who had come to Bonn university with the same academic exchange program which had brought him to Kabul. Their happy marriage and Storai's strong and continued support for his studies were a major contributing factor for Clas Naumann's later academic career, which he admitted on many occasions. In 1977, a professorship for a newly established section for morphology and syste- matic zoologyatthe University ofBielefeldbecame available, forwhichClasNaumann successfully applied. After establishing the new section with all laboratories and facilities literally from an empty office space, he soon assembled a young and increa- singly active research team. Under his supervision and leadership a growing number of students received their training and graduated, which also yielded a series of studies on different aspects of Zygaenid morphology and ecology covering a wide array of complementary approaches from larval morphology and ultrastructure (Bode & Naumann 1987; Naumann & Feist 1987; Franzi et al. 1988; Naumann 1988) to chemical ecology (Priesner et al. 1984; Witthohn & Naumann 1987; Ockenfels et al. 1993), as well as behavioural and population genetic studies (Hille & Naumann 6 ObituarytoClasNaumann 1992; Heine & Naumann 1994), without neglecting at the same time classical natural history, taxonomy, and faunistics (Naumann & Naumann 1980; Tremewan & Naumann 1989; Naumann et al. 1993; Naumann 2003). The studies andtheses under- taken under his supervision were by no means restricted to the genus Zygaena, but also dealt with other Lepidoptera taxa outside the Zygaenidae (Rammert 1987; Häuser et al. 1993; Speidel et al. 1996). In his mind all singular results could be use- fullybrought togetherto resolve the phylogeny ofthe group ofinterest, inhis case the Zygaeninae (Naumann 1977c, 1985, 1990; Naumann et al. 1999). He considered the analysis of phylogenetic relationships an essential pre-requisite for attempting to understandthe evolution ofa group, whichhe regarded as the ultimate scientific goal. Such a highly integrative approach cannot be achieved by pursuing only short term projects, and it was his reason for choosing to become a specialist for a single group ofLepidoptera in the long term. While at Bielefeld, he also initiated a series ofinter- national workshops on Zygaenidae which is still continued today, several of which were published as separate proceedings or as series ofimportant papers by many of the contemporary specialists in the field (e.g., Dutreix et al. 1992; Tremewan et al. 1999). In 1988 he successfully applied for the vacant position ofdirector ofthe Zoological Museum Alexander Koenig at Bonn, the institution in which he had already worked as a Ph.D. student, and he was appointed on 1st July 1989. The museum had been struggling at the time through a rather difficult period, and the directorship was now linkedto a newly established chairatthe University ofBonn, which effectively meant to unite twojobs in one position. Clas Naumann mastered this challenge, and gradu- ally turned the museum into a lively part ofthe university and an attractive place for graduate students inzoology, without losing out onanyofthemuseum's genuinetasks and obligations (Naumann 1999). Forhis own research he continuedto actively apply emerging techniques and new approaches, and under his hands the museum obtained new laboratories for biochemical analysis, and, more recently, for nuclear sequencing techniques. He still maintained his own focus on Burnet Moths, but apart from the application ofnew methods he also widenedhis geographic focus, now concentrating on relatives of the genus Zygaena from the Afrotropical region (Naumann & Edelmann 1984; Klütsch et al., in press). Clas Naumann was a practising entomologist by conviction, and throughout his life he always kept some time for field work, breeding, and looking after his collection. He took much joy in discovering a population or specimens ofa rare species in the field, in breeding some Zygaena life stock at home, in dissecting newly obtained specimens in the laboratory, as well as in re-arranging his own collection ofBurnet Moths, the latter activity usually happening only late at night or during weekends. For much ofwhat he did for entomology he was also driven by aesthetic motives, for which one can clearly see evidence in the way he set specimens, took photographs, prepared illustrations for presentations and publications, or evenjust prepared speci- men labels. He was also keen to collect books and kept a private library ofmany rare entomological publications, even including complete runs ofmanyjournals meticu- lously bound in perfect shape. Nota lepid. 27(1): 3-10 7 An essential part ofall his entomological activities were excursions and field work, which he often referred to as the most delightful part ofthe entomological business. His personal quest to possibly encounter and study all known Zygaena species and close relatives intheirnatural habitats tookhimto practically all countries and regions incentral and southern Europe, northernAfrica, the Middle East and CentralAsia, but also to India, China, Japan, Saudi Arabia,Yemen, Ethiopia, Kenya, and SouthAfrica. He often took students or colleagues along for those fields trips, and the author par- ticularly remembers severaljoint expeditions targeting single Zygaena species known from isolated high mountain ranges in Iran and northern Pakistan in 1979, 1980, and 1982, during which often several days or weeks had to be spent without seeing a single Burnet Moth. It also has to be mentioned, however, that several close relation- ships developed during such expeditions and field trips, particularly with colleagues also interested in Zygaenidae, were discontinued by him during the later years ofhis life, often without much apparent reason. The ever increasing workload in his job leaving himselfwith less time for field work and research, and the beginning affects of his illness might have contributed to such discontinued cooperation, an attitude otherwise totally untypical for Clas Naumann. Aside from pursuing his own scientific interests, Clas Naumann was always ready to generously come to the support of fellow researchers and entomologists in need of help. After a catastrophic flooding which destroyed literally over night almost the complete natural history holdings and library of the Museum Ferdinandeum of Innsbruck inAugust 1985, he immediately initiated and carried through a successful donations campaign ("Entomologen helfen Tirol - Entomologists in support of Tyrol"). Apart from bringing together substantial funds and in-kind support from many private and institutional sources to help quickly restock part ofthe institutional library and collection facilities, the success ofthis international initiative also helped to eventually convince the provincial government ofTyrol to invest in new facilities for the museum leading to a new building for the natural history collections. More recently, following the end of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, Clas Naumann engaged himselfimmediately in fund raising and in rallying support to help rebuild Kabul university, forwhich he also re-activatedthe long dormant partnership with his own university in Bonn. Already weakened by his terminal illness he travelled twice to Kabul in 2002 and in 2003 to personally deliverthe funds raised and to find out on the most urgent needs on the spot. Many entomologists, particularly from Eastern Europe, also benefited from Clas Naumann's tireless efforts in providing private or institutional support. Following two visits to the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg in 1992 and 1993, he voluntarily took over the membership administration for foreign members of the Russian Entomological Society in 1993. Largely due to his voluntary work and promotion of membership in Western Europe and oversees which yielded a stable income ofhard currency, the society could continue the production ofitsjournal "Entomologitsheskoje Obozrenie" and thus could survive economically the difficult first years after "Perestroyka." The Russian Entomological Society paid tribute to these efforts by electing Clas Naumann an Honorary Fellow in 1994. 8 ObituarytoClasNaumann Having joined SEL already in 1977, Clas Naumann was actively involved in the society for a long time. He was a regular participant, presenter, and chairman at several ofSEL's European Congresses ofLepidopterology, andhe was electedan SEL Honorary Member in 2000 (see also, SEL News 33: 17). He had been approached many times whetherto take on apositionwithin SEL Council, but he always declined to be nominated by saying he could only seriously consider a nomination after his retirement. As a result ofhis outstanding reputation, he served on numerous academic and admi- nistrative boards and committees, such as in the permanent review panel for zoology for the German Research Foundation (DFG) from 1993 to 2000, as well as on the Council ofthe German Zoological Society (DZG) from 1987 to 1994, and he was a much sought expert for various ad hoc review panels and visiting groups assessing many national and international scientific institutions. Apart from his time in Kabul, he also held visiting short term lecturerships at the Universities of Moscow, Kyoto, Marseille, andTehran, as well as one fromthe Scandinavian Entomological Societies. In addition to regularly reviewing manuscripts for Nota lepidopterologica as well as many otherjournals, he was directly involved in the editorship ofseveral entomolo- gicaljournals and publication series. In 1999 he took on the task ofmanaging editor for the "Entomologische Zeitschrift", the oldest existing non-professional entomolo- gical journal published in German, a position which he actively fulfilled until the end of 2003 (e.g., Naumann 2003). For his many contacts and generous sharing of information and material, the names ofseveral new taxa from different groups were dedicated to his memory, including two species ofSesiidae (Lenyra naumanniArita, 1989; Dipchasphecia naumanni Gorbunov, 1991), and two Zygaenidae (Adscita & naumanni Efetov, 1994; Zygaena naumanni Hille Keil, 2000). Apart from his many scientific contributions and lasting achievements as an entomo- logist, Clas Naumann will perhaps mostly be rememberedby his immensely positive, open, always interested, and most constructive attitude towards other colleagues, and especially students. These facets ofhis character, in combination with an enormous energy, hardly anyone could resist upon first encounter. Through his constantly inspi- ring, moving, and supporting students and colleagues, he became probably more influential to European entomology than by his scientific work alone. With this loss ofa great character and personality, the entire scene ofEuropean Lepidopterists has suffered, but we will truly remember Clas Naumann as one of its most motivating members. Clas Naumann's private Lepidoptera collection ofmore than 60.000 specimens, mostly ofthe genusZygaena, was bequestedto his formerinstitution, the MuseumAlexander Koenig in Bonn, where it will eventually be housed in a new building for the entire entomological department now under construction, which will carry his name. A more comprehensive obituary ofClas Naumann's academic life including a complete list of his publications will appear in a special forthcoming issue of the "Bonner Zoologische Beiträge," the mainjournal published by the Zoologisches Museum and Forschungsinstitut Alexander Koenig. His list ofpublications containing more than 150 titles will not be reprinted here, but a number ofselected contributions is included Notalepid. 27(1): 3-10 9 below. Further obituaries for Clas Naumann have been or will be published shortly in issues of"Entomologische Zeitschrift" and "Decheniana". For the compilation of this obituary, I would like to acknowledge the most helpful support received from Christoph Esch (Münster), Axel Hofmann (Breisach), Niels P. Kristensen (Copenhagen), Bernard Landry (Genève), Storai Naumann-Nawabi (Wachtberg-Pech), Michael Schmitt (Bonn),Axel Steiner (Stuttgart), GerhardTarmann (Innsbruck), and Thomas Wagner (Koblenz). The photo of Clas Naumann has been taken by Christoph Esch in 1989. Christoph Häuser References and selected bibliography ofClas Naumann Arita,Y. 1989.TwoNewandanUnrecorded ClearwingMoths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) fromThailand. - Microlepidoptera ofThailand2: 9-14. Aussem, B. 1980. Eine neue Satyride der Gattung Pseudochazara de Lesse, 1951 aus Afghanistan (Satyridae). -Nota lepidopterologica 3 (1/2): 5-15. Bode,W. & C. M. Naumann 1987. Onapairoflittle known accessoryglands in femaleZygaena moths (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). -Zoological Journal ofthe Linnean Society 92: 27-42. Dutreix, C, C. M. Naumann & W. G. Tremewan (eds) 1992. Proceedings ofthe 4th Symposium on Zygaenidae, Nantes 11-13 September 1987. Recent Advances in Burnet Moth Research (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). ThesesZoologicae 19. -Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein. Eisner, C. & C. M. Naumann 1980. Parnassiana nova, LVII. Beitrag zur Ökologie undTaxonomie der afghanischenParnassiidae (Lepidoptera). -ZoologischeVerhandelingen 178: 1-35. Efetov,K.A. 1994.Adscita{Zygaenoprocris)naumannisp.n.fromAfghanistan(Lepidoptera:Zygaenidae, Procridinae). -Entomologist's Gazette 45: 53-56. Franzi, S., C. M. Naumann & A. Nahrstedt 1988. Cyanoglucoside storing cuticle ofZygaena larvae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) - Morphological and cyanoglucoside changes during the moult. - Zoomorphology 108: 183-190. Gorbunov,O. G. 1991. ReviewofthegenusDipchasphecia Capuse, 1973 (Lep., Sesiidae). -Atalanta22 (2/4): 146-167. Hartwieg, F. 1958. Die Schmetterlingsfauna des Landes Braunschweig und seiner Umgebung ein schließlich des Harzes, der Lüneburger Heide und des Sollings. - Forschungsanstalt für Land- wirtschaftBraunschweig-Völkenrode, Braunschweig. Häuser, C. L., C. M. Naumann & A. V.-A. Kreuzberg 1993. Zur taxonomischen und phylogenetischen BedeutungderFeinstrukturderEischalederParnassiinae(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).-Zoologische Mededelingen 67 (15): 239-264. Heine, S. & C. M. Naumann 1994. Sexuelle Selektion und die Evolution tageszeitlich variierender PartnerfindungsmechanismenbeiZygaenatrifolii(Esper, 1783)(Insecta, Lepidoptera).-Mitteilungen derdeutschen Gesellschaft fürallgemeine undangewandte Entomologie 8: 649-658. Hennig,W. 1966. Phylogenetic Systematics. -University ofIllinois Press, Urbana. Hille, A. & C. M. Naumann 1992. Allozyme differentiation in Zygaena transalpina (Esper, 1780) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Pp. 59-87. -In: C. Dutreix etal. (eds), Recent advances inburnetmoth research (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). - Proceedings ofthe 4th Symposium on Zygaenidae, Nantes 11.-13. September 1987. -Koeltz Scientific Books, Königsstein. Hille, A. & T. Keil 2000. Eine neue Zygaene aus dem Iran - Zygaena naumanni n. sp. (Lep., Zygaenidae). -Entomologische Nachrichtenund Berichte 43 (3/4): 249-253. Klütsch, C. F. C., B. Misof & C. M. Naumann (in press). Characterisation of microsatellite loci for Reissitasimonyi(Rebel, 1899) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). -MolecularEcology Notes. Naumann,C. 1958. SchmetterlingeausderUmgebungvonMaria-Taferl(Niederösterreich).-Zeitschrift derWienerEntomologischen Gesellschaft43: 33-36. Naumann, C. 1966. Zygaena (Subg. Zygaena F.)problematicanov. sp. -ZeitschriftderWienerEntomo- logischen Gesellschaft 51:10-19. 10 ObituarytoClasNaumann Naumann, C. 1971. Untersuchungen zur Systematik und Phylogenese der holarktischen Sesiiden (Insecta, Lepidoptera). - BonnerZoologische Monographien 1: 33-36. Naumann, C. 1974a. PamirundWakhan-KurzberichtzweierExpeditionen (1971 und 1972)nebsteini- gen allgemeinen Bemerkungen. -Afghanistan Journal 1: 91-104. Naumann, C. 1974b. Neue Zygöewa-Unterarten aus Afghanistan. - Entomologische Zeitschrift 84: 29-36. Naumann, C. M. 1977a. Studies on the Systematics and Phylogeny ofHolarctic Sesiidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera). -AmerindPublishing Co. New Delhi,Washington. Naumann, C. M. 1977b. Zygaena (Mesembrynus) halima n. sp. und einige Bemerkungen zur stammes- geschichtlichen Gliederung der Gattung Zygaena F. (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). - Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft ÖsterreichischerEntomologen 29 (1/2): 35-40. Naumann, C. M. 1977c. StammesgeschichtlicheundtiergeographischeBeziehungenderZygaenini(Insecta, Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). - Mitteilungen derMünchnerEntomologischen Gesellschaft 67: 27-37. Naumann, C. M. 1985. Phylogenetische Systematikundklassisch-typologische Systematik-miteinigen AnmerkungenzustammesgeschichtlichenFragenbei denZygaenidae (Lepidotpera).-Mitteilungen derMünchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 74: 1-35. Naumann, C. M. 1988. Functional morphology ofthe external male and female genitalia in Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). -Entomologica scandinavica 18: 213-219. Naumann, C. M. 1990. Stammesgeschichtliche Rekonstruktion und ökologische Beziehungen der Organismen-AnsätzefürinterdisziplinäreKooperation.-VerhandlungenderDeutschenZoologischen Gesellschaft 1990: 291-301. Naumann, C. M. 1999. Das Museum Koenig aufdem Weg zu neuen Ufern. Kurzfassung einer zehn- jährigen Odyssee. - Schriftenreihe derAlexander-Koenig-Gesellschaft2: 44-57. Naumann, C. M. 2003. Die höchste Zygaene derWelt. -EntomologischeZeitschrift 113: 362-371. Naumann, C. M. &A. Edelmann 1984. Insects ofSaudiArabia -The lifehistory, ecology and distribu- tion of Reissita simonyi (Rebel, 1899) (Zygaenidae, Lepidoptera). - Fauna of Saudi Arabia 6: 473-509. Naumann, C. M. & R. Feist 1987. The structure and distribution ofcyanoglucoside-storing cuticular cavities inPryeriasinica Moore (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). -Zoologica Scripta 16: 89-93. Naumann, C. M. & S. Naumann 1980. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis derZygaenen-FaunaNord- und Ost- Anatoliens (Lep., Zygaenidae). -Entomofauna 1: 302-353. Naumann, C. & J. Niethammer 1973. Zur Säugetierfauna des afghanischen Pamirund des Wakhan. - BonnerZoologische Beiträge 24: 237-248. Naumann, C. M., K. Schurian & J.-C. Weiss 1993. Notes on the ecology and early stages ofZygaena (Mesembrynus) lydia Staudinger, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). - Entomologist's Gazette 44: 225-229. Naumann, C. M., W. G. Tremewan & G. Tarmann 1999. The western palaearctic Zygaenidae. -Apollo Books, Steenstrup. Ockenfels, P., J. Prinz & C. M. Naumann 1993. Reactions ofAleioides cf. Assimilis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to the larval foodplant ofits host Zygaena trifolii (Esper, 1783) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). - Entomologist's Gazette 44: 125-133. Priesner, E., C. M. Naumann & J. Stertenbrink 1984. Specificity ofsynthetic sex-attractants inZygaena moths. -Zeitschrift fürNaturforschung 39c: 841-844. Rammert, U. 1987. The defensive biology ofthe larvae ofAmata (= Syntomis)phegea L. andAmata (=Syntomis) kuhlweiniiLef. (Lepidoptera, Ctenuchidae). -Notalepidopterologica 10 (3): 183-192. Spatenka, K., O. Gorbunov, Z. Lastuvka, I. Tosevski & Y. Arita 1999. Handbook of Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera. Volume Sesiidae-Clearwing Moths. -Gem Publishing,Wallingford. 1, Speidel, W, H. Fänger & C. M. Naumann 1996. The phylogeny of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). - Systematic Entomology 21: 219-251. Tremewan, W. G. & C. M. Naumann 1989. A revision ofZygaena (Agrumenia) magiana Staudinger, 1889 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). - Entomologist's Gazette 40: 114-122. Tremewan, W. G., W. Wipking & C. M. Naumann 1999. Proceedings ofthe 5th Symposium on the Biology of the Zygaenidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera), Grietherbusch (Germany), 10-12 September 1993. Theses Zoologicae 30. - Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein. Witthohn, K. & C. M. Naumann 1987. Cyanogenesis - a general phenomenon in the Lepidoptera? - Journal ofChemical Ecology 13: 1789-1809.