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Ck12 Chemistry Workbook PDF

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CK-12 F OUNDATION CK-12 Chemistry Workbook Parsons CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educationalcontentthatwillservebothascoretextaswellasprovideanadaptiveenvironmentforlearning, powered through the FlexBook Platform™. Copyright © 2011 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share Alike 3.0 Un- ported (CC-by-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Specific details can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms. Printed: July 25, 2011 Author Richard Parsons i www.ck12.org Contents 1 The Science of Chemistry Worksheets 1 1.1 Lesson 1.1 The Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Lesson 1.2 Chemistry in History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Lesson 1.3 Chemistry is a Science of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.4 Lesson 1.4 Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.5 Lesson 1.5 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Chemistry - A Physical Science Worksheets 3 2.1 Lesson 2.1 Measurements in Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 Lesson 2.2 Using Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.3 Exponential Notation Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 Lesson 2.3 Using Mathematics in Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5 Lesson 2.4 Using Algebra in Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3 Chemistry in the Laboratory Worksheets 15 3.1 Lesson 3.1 Making Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2 Lesson 3.2 Making Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3 Lesson 3.3 Using Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.4 Lesson 3.4 How Scientists Use Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4 The Atomic Theory Worksheets 16 4.1 Lesson 4.1 Early Development of a Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.2 Lesson 4.2 Further Understanding of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.3 Lesson 4.3 Atomic Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5 The Bohr Model of the Atom Worksheets 17 5.1 Lesson 5.1 The Wave Form of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 www.ck12.org ii 5.2 Lesson 5.2 The Dual Nature of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.3 Lesson 5.3 Light and the Atomic Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.4 Lesson 5.4 The Bohr Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6 Quantum Mechanics Model of the Atom Worksheets 18 6.1 Lesson 6.1 The Wave-Particle Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.2 Lesson 6.2 Schrodinger’s Wave Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.3 Lesson 6.3 Heisenberg’s Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.4 Lesson 6.4 Quantum Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.5 Lesson 6.5 Shapes of Atomic Orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7 Electron Configurations for Atoms Worksheets 24 7.1 Lesson 7.1 The Electron Spin Quantum Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7.2 Lesson 7.2 Pauli Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 7.3 Lesson 7.3 Aufbau Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 7.4 Lesson 7.4 Writing Electron Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Worksheets 28 8.1 Lesson 8.1 Electron Configurations of Main Group Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 8.2 Lesson 8.2 Orbital Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 8.3 Lesson 8.3 The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 9 Relationships Between the Elements Worksheets 30 9.1 Lesson 9.1 Families on the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 9.2 Lesson 9.2 Electron Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 9.3 Lesson 9.3 Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9.4 Lesson 9.4 Chemical Family Members Have Similar Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9.5 Lesson 9.5 Transition Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9.6 Lesson 9.6 Lanthanide and Actinide Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 10 Trends on the Periodic Table Worksheets 34 10.1 Lesson 10.1 Atomic Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 10.2 Lesson 10.2 Ionization Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 10.3 Lesson 10.3 Electron Affinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 iii www.ck12.org 11 Ions and the Compounds They Form Worksheets 35 11.1 Lesson 11.1 The Formation of Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 11.2 Lesson 11.2 Ionic Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 11.3 Lesson 11.3 Properties of Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 12 Writing and Naming Ionic Formulas Worksheets 38 12.1 Lesson 12.1 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 12.2 Lesson 12.2 Inorganic Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 13 Covalent Bonding Worksheets 40 13.1 Lesson 13.1 The Covalent Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 13.2 Lesson 13.2 Atoms that Form Covalent Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 13.3 Lesson 13.3 Naming Covalent Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 14 Molecular Architecture Worksheets 41 14.1 Lesson 14.1 Types of Bonds that Form Between Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 14.2 Lesson 14.2 The Covalent Molecules of Family 2A-8A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 14.3 Lesson 14.3 Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 14.4 Lesson 14.4 Electronic and Molecular Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 14.5 Lesson 14.5 Molecular Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 15 The Mathematics of Compounds Worksheets 49 15.1 Lesson 15.1 Determining Formula and Molecular Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 15.2 Lesson 15.2 The Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 15.3 Lesson 15.3 Percent Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 15.4 Lesson 15.4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 16 Chemical Reactions Worksheets 56 16.1 Lesson 16.1 Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 16.2 Lesson 16.2 Balancing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 16.3 Lesson 16.3 Types of Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 17 Mathematics and Chemical Equations Worksheets 60 17.1 Lesson 17.1 The Mole Concept and Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 17.2 Lesson 17.2 Mass-Mass Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 www.ck12.org iv 17.3 Lesson 17.3 Limiting Reactant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 17.4 Lesson 17.4 Percent Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 17.5 Lesson 17.5 Energy Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 18 The Kinetic Molecular Theory Worksheets 66 18.1 Lesson 18.1 The Three States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 18.2 Lesson 18.2 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 18.3 Lesson 18.3 Gases and Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 18.4 Lesson 18.4 Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 18.5 Lesson 18.5 Universal Gas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 18.6 Lesson 18.6 Molar Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 18.7 Lesson 18.7 Stoichiometry Involving Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 19 The Liquid State Worksheets 74 19.1 Lesson 19.1 The Properties of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 19.2 Lesson 19.2 Forces of Attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 19.3 Lesson 19.3 Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 19.4 Lesson 19.4 Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 19.5 Lesson 19.5 Heat of Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 20 The Solid State Worksheets-HSC 75 20.1 Lesson 20.1 The Molecular Arrangement in Solids Controls Solid Characteristics . . . . . . 75 20.2 Lesson 20.2 Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 20.3 Lesson 20.3 Types of Forces of Attraction for Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 20.4 Lesson 20.4 Phase Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 21 The Solution Process Worksheets 82 21.1 Lesson 21.1 The Solution Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 21.2 Lesson 21.2 Why Solutions Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 21.3 Lesson 21.3 Solution Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 21.4 Lesson 21.4 Measuring Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 21.5 Lesson 21.5 Solubility Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 21.6 Lesson 21.6 Factors Affecting Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 21.7 Lesson 21.7 Colligative Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 21.8 Lesson 21.8 Colloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 21.9 Lesson 21.9 Separating Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 v www.ck12.org 22 Ions in Solution Worksheets 90 22.1 Lesson 22.1 Ions in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 22.2 Lesson 22.2 Covalent Compounds in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 22.3 Lesson 22.3 Reactions Between Ions in Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 23 Chemical Kinetics Worksheets 92 23.1 Lesson 23.1 Rate of Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 23.2 Lesson 23.2 Collision Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 23.3 Lesson 23.3 Potential Energy Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 23.4 Lesson 23.4 Factors That Affect Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 23.5 Lesson 23.5 Reaction Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 24 Chemical Equilibrium Worksheets 95 24.1 Lesson 24.1 Introduction to Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 24.2 Lesson 24.2 Equilibrium Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 24.3 Lesson 24.3 The Effect of Applying Stress to Reactions at Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . 99 24.4 Lesson 24.4 Slightly Soluble Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 25 Acids and Bases Worksheets 105 25.1 Lesson 25.1 Arrhenius Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 25.2 Lesson 25.2 Strong and Weak Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 25.3 Lesson 25.3 Arrhenius Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 25.4 Lesson 24.4 Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 25.5 Lesson 25.5 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 25.6 Lesson 25.6 Weak Acid/Base Equilibria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 25.7 Lesson 25.7 Bronsted Lowry Acids-Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 25.8 Lesson 25.8 Lewis Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 26 Water, pH and Titration Worksheets 109 26.1 Lesson 26.1 Water Ionizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 26.2 Lesson 26.2 Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 26.3 Lesson 26.3 Titrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 26.4 Lesson 26.4 Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 27 Thermodynamics Worksheets - HS Chemistry 111 27.1 Lesson 27.1 Energy Change in Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 www.ck12.org vi 27.2 Lesson 27.2 Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 27.3 Lesson 27.3 Spontaneous Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 27.4 Lesson 27.4 Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 27.5 Lesson 27.5 Gibb’s Free Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 28 Electrochemistry Worksheets 120 28.1 Lesson 28.1 Origin of the Term Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 28.2 Lesson 28.2 Oxidation-Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 28.3 Lesson 28.3 Balancing Redox Equations Using the Oxidation Number Method . . . . . . . 120 28.4 Lesson 28.4 Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 28.5 Lesson 28.5 Galvanic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 29 Nuclear Chemistry Worksheets 127 29.1 Lesson 29.1 Discovery of Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 29.2 Lesson 29.2 Nuclear Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 29.3 Lesson 29.3 Nuclear Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 29.4 Lesson 29.4 Nuclear Disintegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 29.5 Lesson 29.5 Nuclear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 29.6 Lesson 29.6 Radiation Around Us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 29.7 Lesson 29.7 Applications of Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 30 Organic Chemistry Worksheets 135 30.1 Lesson 30.1 Carbon, A Unique Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 30.2 Lesson 30.2 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 30.3 Lesson 30.3 Aromatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 30.4 Lesson 30.4 Functional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 30.5 Lesson 30.5 Biochemical Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 vii www.ck12.org www.ck12.org viii

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