Table Of Content

CK-12 F OUNDATION CK-12 Biology Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) Brainard To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook mate- rials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2011 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®,” and “FlexBook Platform®,” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms. Printed: July 2, 2012 Author Jean Brainard Contributors Barbara Akre, Jennifer Blanchette, Niamh Gray-Wilson, Douglas Wilkin, Holly Kiamanesh and Rosie Montague Editor Douglas Wilkin i www.ck12.org Contents 1 What is Biology? 1 1.1 Science and the Natural World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Biology: The Study of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 The Chemistry of Life 22 2.1 Matter and Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2 Biochemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 Water, Acids, and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3 Cellular Structure and Function 48 3.1 Introduction to Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2 Cell Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.3 Cell Transport and Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 78 4.1 Energy for Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.2 Photosynthesis: Sugar as Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.3 Powering the Cell: Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.4 Anaerobic Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5 The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis 106 5.1 Cell Division and the Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.2 Chromosomes and Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.3 Reproduction and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6 Gregor Mendel and Genetics 130 6.1 Mendel’s Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.2 Mendelian Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 www.ck12.org ii 7 Molecular Genetics: From DNA to Proteins 150 7.1 DNA and RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7.2 Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 7.3 Mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7.4 Regulation of Gene Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 8 Human Genetics and Biotechnology 177 8.1 Human Chromosomes and Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 8.2 Human Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.3 Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 9 Life: From the First Organism Onward 203 9.1 Earth Forms and Life Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 9.2 The Evolution of Multicellular Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 9.3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 10 The Theory of Evolution 231 10.1 Darwin and the Theory of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 10.2 Evidence for Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 10.3 Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 10.4 Macroevolution and the Origin of Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 11 The Principles of Ecology 263 11.1 The Science of Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 11.2 Recycling Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 11.3 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 12 Communities and Populations 297 12.1 Community Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 12.2 Characteristics of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 12.3 Human Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 12.4 The Biodiversity Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 12.5 Natural Resources and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 13 Microorganisms: Prokaryotes and Viruses 342 13.1 Prokaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 iii www.ck12.org 13.2 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 14 Eukaryotes: Protists and Fungi 365 14.1 Introduction to Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 14.2 Types of Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 14.3 Introduction to Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 14.4 Ecology of Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 14.5 Protists, Fungi, and Human Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 15 Plant Evolution and Classification 398 15.1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 15.2 Four Types of Modern Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 16 Plant Biology 428 16.1 Plant Tissues and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 16.2 Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 16.3 Variation in Plant Life Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 16.4 Plant Adaptations and Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 17 Introduction to Animals 459 17.1 Overview of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 17.2 Overview of Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 18 From Sponges to Invertebrate Chordates 481 18.1 Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Roundworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 18.2 Mollusks and Annelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 18.3 Arthropods and Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 18.4 Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 19 From Fishes to Birds 524 19.1 Overview of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 19.2 Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 19.3 Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 19.4 Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 19.5 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 20 Mammals and Animal Behavior 569 20.1 Mammalian Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 www.ck12.org iv 20.2 Reproduction in Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 20.3 Evolution and Classification of Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 20.4 Overview of Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 21 Introduction to the Human Body: Bones, Muscles, and Skin 610 21.1 Organization of the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 21.2 The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 21.3 The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 21.4 The Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 22 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems 641 22.1 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 22.2 The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 23 The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory Systems 672 23.1 The Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 23.2 The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 23.3 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 23.4 The Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 24 The Immune System and Disease 714 24.1 Nonspecific Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 24.2 The Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 24.3 Immune System Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 24.4 Environmental Problems and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 25 Reproduction and Human Development 745 25.1 Male Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 25.2 Female Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 25.3 From Fertilization to Old Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 25.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 26 Biology Glossary 779 26.1 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 26.2 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 v www.ck12.org 26.3 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 26.4 D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 26.5 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 26.6 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 26.7 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 26.8 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 26.9 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 26.10J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 26.11K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 26.12L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 26.13M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 26.14N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 26.15O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 26.16P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 26.17Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 26.18R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 26.19S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 26.20T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 26.21U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 26.22V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 26.23W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 26.24X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 26.25Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 26.26Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 www.ck12.org vi Chapter 1 What is Biology? Is this picture a colorful work of abstract art, or is it something else? Imagine shrinking down to a tiny size, so small you could enter a blood vessel. The picture shows what you might see rushing toward you. Do you know what the red objects are? If you guessed red blood cells, you are right. What about the knobby green objects? Watch out for these! They are viruses that have invaded the blood. When you read this book, you will take an exciting journey into the realm of blood cells, viruses, and just about everything else that is related to life. You will learn how your own body works, what makes living things unique, and what you and viruses have in common. This first chapter explains how scientists learn about the natural world and introduces you to biology, the science of life. 1 www.ck12.org 1.1 Science and the Natural World Lesson Objectives • Identify the goal of science. • Describe how scientists study the natural world. • Explain how and why scientists do experiments. • Describe types of scientific investigations. • Explain what a scientific theory is. Vocabulary • dependent variable • evidence • experiment • hypothesis • independent variable • model • observation • prediction • science • scientific investigation • scientific law • scientific method • scientific theory Introduction Didyoueverwonderwhygiraffeshavesuchlongnecksorhowbirdslearntosingtheirspecialsongs? Ifyou ever asked questions such as these about the natural world, then you were thinking like a scientist. The word science comes from a Latin word that means “knowledge.” Science is a distinctive way of gaining knowledge about the natural world that starts with a question and then tries to answer the question with evidence and logic. Science is an exciting exploration of all the whys and hows that any curious person might have about the world. You can be part of that exploration. Besides your curiosity, all you need is a basic understanding of how scientists think and how science is done, starting with the goal of science. The Goal of Science The goal of science is to understand the natural world. To achieve this goal, scientists make certain assumptions. They assume that: • Nature can be understood through systematic study. • Scientific ideas are open to revision. • Sound scientific ideas withstand the test of time. • Science cannot provide answers to all questions. www.ck12.org 2

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CK-12 F OUNDATION CK-12 Biology Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) Brainard To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook mate- rials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2011 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®,” and “FlexBook Platform®,” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms. Printed: July 2, 2012 Author Jean Brainard Contributors Barbara Akre, Jennifer Blanchette, Niamh Gray-Wilson, Douglas Wilkin, Holly Kiamanesh and Rosie Montague Editor Douglas Wilkin i www.ck12.org Contents 1 What is Biology? 1 1.1 Science and the Natural World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Biology: The Study of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 The Chemistry of Life 22 2.1 Matter and Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2 Biochemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 Water, Acids, and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3 Cellular Structure and Function 48 3.1 Introduction to Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2 Cell Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.3 Cell Transport and Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 78 4.1 Energy for Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.2 Photosynthesis: Sugar as Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.3 Powering the Cell: Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.4 Anaerobic Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5 The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis 106 5.1 Cell Division and the Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.2 Chromosomes and Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.3 Reproduction and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6 Gregor Mendel and Genetics 130 6.1 Mendel’s Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.2 Mendelian Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 www.ck12.org ii 7 Molecular Genetics: From DNA to Proteins 150 7.1 DNA and RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7.2 Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 7.3 Mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7.4 Regulation of Gene Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 8 Human Genetics and Biotechnology 177 8.1 Human Chromosomes and Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 8.2 Human Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.3 Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 9 Life: From the First Organism Onward 203 9.1 Earth Forms and Life Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 9.2 The Evolution of Multicellular Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 9.3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 10 The Theory of Evolution 231 10.1 Darwin and the Theory of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 10.2 Evidence for Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 10.3 Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 10.4 Macroevolution and the Origin of Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 11 The Principles of Ecology 263 11.1 The Science of Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 11.2 Recycling Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 11.3 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 12 Communities and Populations 297 12.1 Community Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 12.2 Characteristics of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 12.3 Human Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 12.4 The Biodiversity Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 12.5 Natural Resources and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 13 Microorganisms: Prokaryotes and Viruses 342 13.1 Prokaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 iii www.ck12.org 13.2 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 14 Eukaryotes: Protists and Fungi 365 14.1 Introduction to Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 14.2 Types of Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 14.3 Introduction to Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 14.4 Ecology of Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 14.5 Protists, Fungi, and Human Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 15 Plant Evolution and Classification 398 15.1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 15.2 Four Types of Modern Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 16 Plant Biology 428 16.1 Plant Tissues and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 16.2 Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 16.3 Variation in Plant Life Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 16.4 Plant Adaptations and Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 17 Introduction to Animals 459 17.1 Overview of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 17.2 Overview of Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 18 From Sponges to Invertebrate Chordates 481 18.1 Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Roundworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 18.2 Mollusks and Annelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 18.3 Arthropods and Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 18.4 Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 19 From Fishes to Birds 524 19.1 Overview of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 19.2 Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 19.3 Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 19.4 Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 19.5 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 20 Mammals and Animal Behavior 569 20.1 Mammalian Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 www.ck12.org iv 20.2 Reproduction in Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 20.3 Evolution and Classification of Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 20.4 Overview of Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 21 Introduction to the Human Body: Bones, Muscles, and Skin 610 21.1 Organization of the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 21.2 The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 21.3 The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 21.4 The Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 22 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems 641 22.1 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 22.2 The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 23 The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory Systems 672 23.1 The Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 23.2 The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 23.3 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 23.4 The Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 24 The Immune System and Disease 714 24.1 Nonspecific Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 24.2 The Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 24.3 Immune System Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 24.4 Environmental Problems and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 25 Reproduction and Human Development 745 25.1 Male Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 25.2 Female Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 25.3 From Fertilization to Old Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 25.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 26 Biology Glossary 779 26.1 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 26.2 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 v www.ck12.org 26.3 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 26.4 D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 26.5 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 26.6 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 26.7 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 26.8 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 26.9 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 26.10J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 26.11K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 26.12L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 26.13M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 26.14N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 26.15O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 26.16P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 26.17Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 26.18R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 26.19S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 26.20T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 26.21U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 26.22V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 26.23W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 26.24X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 26.25Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 26.26Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 www.ck12.org vi Chapter 1 What is Biology? Is this picture a colorful work of abstract art, or is it something else? Imagine shrinking down to a tiny size, so small you could enter a blood vessel. The picture shows what you might see rushing toward you. Do you know what the red objects are? If you guessed red blood cells, you are right. What about the knobby green objects? Watch out for these! They are viruses that have invaded the blood. When you read this book, you will take an exciting journey into the realm of blood cells, viruses, and just about everything else that is related to life. You will learn how your own body works, what makes living things unique, and what you and viruses have in common. This first chapter explains how scientists learn about the natural world and introduces you to biology, the science of life. 1 www.ck12.org 1.1 Science and the Natural World Lesson Objectives • Identify the goal of science. • Describe how scientists study the natural world. • Explain how and why scientists do experiments. • Describe types of scientific investigations. • Explain what a scientific theory is. Vocabulary • dependent variable • evidence • experiment • hypothesis • independent variable • model • observation • prediction • science • scientific investigation • scientific law • scientific method • scientific theory Introduction Didyoueverwonderwhygiraffeshavesuchlongnecksorhowbirdslearntosingtheirspecialsongs? Ifyou ever asked questions such as these about the natural world, then you were thinking like a scientist. The word science comes from a Latin word that means “knowledge.” Science is a distinctive way of gaining knowledge about the natural world that starts with a question and then tries to answer the question with evidence and logic. Science is an exciting exploration of all the whys and hows that any curious person might have about the world. You can be part of that exploration. Besides your curiosity, all you need is a basic understanding of how scientists think and how science is done, starting with the goal of science. The Goal of Science The goal of science is to understand the natural world. To achieve this goal, scientists make certain assumptions. They assume that: • Nature can be understood through systematic study. • Scientific ideas are open to revision. • Sound scientific ideas withstand the test of time. • Science cannot provide answers to all questions. www.ck12.org 2

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