CJ REALITIES and CHALLENGES T H I R D E D I T I O N C J REALITIES AND CHALLENGES 3RD EDITION Ruth E. Masters California State University–Fresno Lori Beth Way California State University–San Francisco Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld California State University–Stanislaus Bernadette T. Muscat California State University–Fresno Michael Hooper Sonoma State University John P. J. Dussich California State University–Fresno Candice A. Skrapec California State University–Fresno CJ: REALITIES AND CHALLENGES, THIRD EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2013 and 2011. 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Masters, California State University-Fresno, Lori Beth Way, California State University-San Francisco, Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld, California State University-Stanislaus, Bernadette T. Muscat, California State University-Fresno, Michael Hooper, Sonoma State University, John P. J. Dussich, California State University-Fresno, Candice A. Skrapec, California State University-Fresno. Other titles: Criminal justice Description: 3rd edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2017] Identifiers: LCCN 2016012258| ISBN 9780078140945 (alk. paper) | ISBN 0078140943 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Criminal justice, Administration of--United States. | Criminal justice, Administration of--Study and teaching (Higher)--United States. Classification: LCC HV9950 .C495 2017 | DDC 364.973--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016012258 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com Brief Contents PART 1 Crime, Law, and the Criminal Justice System 1 1 What Is the Criminal Justice System? 1 2 Types of Crime 29 3 Causes of Crime 73 4 Criminal Law and Defenses 109 PART 2 Law Enforcement 139 5 Overview of Policing 139 6 Policing Operations 175 7 Legal and Special Issues in Policing 211 PART 3 Adjudication 245 8 The Courts 245 9 Pretrial and Trial 273 10 Sentencing 299 PART 4 Corrections 325 11 Overview of Corrections 325 12 Jails and Prisons 361 13 Community Corrections 405 PART 5 Special Issues 439 14 Understanding and Helping Victims 439 15 Juvenile Justice 471 16 Evolving Challenges in Criminal Justice 507 APPENDIX: THE BILL OF RIGHTS 537 GLOSSARY 539 ENDNOTES 547 CREDITS 581 CASE INDEX 583 NAME AND SUBJECT INDEX 585 iii Contents PART 1 Crime, Law, and the Criminal Justice System CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 What Is the Criminal Justice System? 1 Types of Crime 29 THE RULES THAT BIND: NORMS AND LAWS 3 MEASURING CRIME 30 ■ A Global View—How U.S. Legal Norms Differ from Those in Uniform Crime Reports 30 Singapore: The Case of Michael Fay 4 National Incident-Based Reporting System 32 WHAT IS CRIME? 4 National Crime Victimization Survey 32 Can Crimes Be Inherently Wrong? 5 Self-Report Data 34 ■ What about the Victim?—“No Means No” . . . at Least in CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS 34 Some States 5 ■ A Global View—Measuring Crime around the World 35 Crimes Prohibited by Law 5 Data on Crimes against Persons 35 Consensus and Conflict Perspectives 6 The Victims: The Influence of Gender, Age, and Other Factors 36 ■ Disconnects—Evolution of Marijuana Laws 7 ■ A Case in Point—Michigan’s Task Force Approach to THE CONSEQUENCES OF CRIME 8 Violent Crime Reduction 37 Sanctions 8 Homicide 38 Impact of Crime on Victims 8 Assault and Battery 42 Sexual Assault 42 THE STRUCTURE OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 9 Robbery 44 Law Enforcement 10 ■ Matters of Ethics—Ethical Issues When Dealing with Treatment of ■ Matters of Ethics—Lies That Convicted the Innocent 11 Offenders or Victims 45 The Courts 11 Crimes against Children 45 Corrections 12 PROPERTY CRIMES 48 Victim Services 12 Rates of Property Crime 49 HOW CRIMINAL JUSTICE WORKS: THE REALITIES 13 The Victims of Property Crime 49 The Criminal Justice Funnel and the Wedding Cake Model 13 Burglary 50 Crime Prevention 16 Larceny 50 The Crime Control Model 16 Motor Vehicle Theft 50 The Due Process Model 16 White-Collar Crime 51 INFLUENCES ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES 52 Fear of Crime 17 Crimes against Morality 52 ■ Real Careers—Rachel Dreifus 18 Drug Offenses 54 Media Coverage 19 POLITICAL CRIMES 63 Politics 20 Immigration Offenses 63 ■ Race, Class, Gender—Stings or Entrapment? 21 Discrimination 21 ■ Real Careers—Amy Nye 65 ORGANIZED CRIME 66 CHALLENGES TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY 22 ■ A Case in Point—The Right to DNA Testing after CRIMES BY GENDER 67 Conviction 24 ■ Race, Class, Gender—Gender and Crime 68 SUMMARY 25 SUMMARY 68 Review 25 Review 69 Key Terms 26 Key Terms 70 Study Questions 27 Study Questions 71 Critical Thinking Questions 27 Critical Thinking Questions 71 iv Contents v CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 Causes of Crime 73 Criminal Law and Defenses 109 SEEKING THE CAUSES OF CRIME: EARLY SCHOOLS OF WHAT IS LAW? 110 THOUGHT 75 Purpose and Function of the Law 111 The Classical School: Choosing to Be a Criminal 76 History of Criminal Laws 111 The Positivist School: Tendency Toward Criminal Behavior Is Modern Sources of Law in the United States 114 Predetermined 77 Civil and Criminal Laws 115 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS 78 ■ A Global View—Intellectual Property Piracy in the Twenty-First Neurobiological Factors of Brain Function 78 Century 116 Genetic Factors: The Inheritance of Criminal Tendencies 80 ■ What about the Victim?—Civil Damages in Action: Creating the Jeanne Clery Act 118 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS 81 Criminal Laws: Misdemeanors, Felonies, and Infractions 119 Mental Disorders and Criminal Behavior 82 ■ A Case in Point—Convicted without Criminal Intent? 120 ■ Matters of Ethics—Revising the DSM: A Process on Trial in the Court of Professional Opinion 83 LEGAL ELEMENTS OF A CRIME 120 Intelligence and Morality—The Cognitive Brain 86 Corpus Delicti—Proof That a Crime Has Been Committed 120 ■ Real Careers—Jessica Dubnoff 87 Actus Reus—The Criminal Act 121 Learning Criminal Behavior from Others: Social Learning Theory 88 Mens Rea—The Defendant’s Mental State 121 Psychodynamic Factors 88 Inchoate Offenses 123 Other Elements of Crime 124 SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS 90 When Adversity Leads to Crime: Strain Factors 90 CRIMINAL DEFENSES 124 ■ Race, Class, Gender—Why Join Gangs? 92 Mistake of Fact 125 On a Path to Crime: The Life Course Delinquency Perspective 92 ■ Real Careers—Christopher Gowen 125 Social Bonds and Crime: Social Control Factors 93 Intoxication 126 ■ A Case in Point—An Awakening in India for Women: The Justification Defenses 126 A Rape in New Delhi 94 ■ Matters of Ethics—When Is It Right to Do the Inequality and Crime: Power and Social Conflict Theory 95 Wrong Thing? 128 A Different Set of Values: Cultural Deviance Factors 96 Insanity 129 ■ What about the Victim?—Victims of Culture Conflict 99 ■ Race, Class, Gender 130 Acting-Out Expectations: Social Process Factors 99 Other Defenses 134 ■ Disconnects—Mentally Ill Death Row Inmates 101 SUMMARY 134 Review 135 VICTIMIZATION FACTORS 101 Key Terms 136 The Risk of Becoming a Victim 102 Study Questions 136 Victim Behavior during the Crime 103 Critical Thinking Questions 137 A Typology of Victimology 103 SUMMARY 105 Review 105 Key Terms 106 Study Questions 106 Critical Thinking Questions 107 PART 2 Law Enforcement CHAPTER 5 Political Era: Patronage-Based Policing 144 Overview of Policing 139 Professional Era: The Police as Law Enforcers 144 DEFINING POLICING 140 ■ A Case in Point—Conflict with Occupy Wall Street Protestors 146 HISTORY OF POLICING IN THE UNITED STATES 141 Community Policing Era: Working for—and with—the Public 146 Vigilantism: Policing by Self-Appointed Committees 141 STRUCTURE OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM 147 Slave Patrols: Capturing Fugitives 142 Local Law Enforcement Agencies 148 ■ Race, Class, Gender—Bass Reeves: African American Deputy State Law Enforcement Agencies 148 Marshal of the Old West 143 Federal Law Enforcement Agencies 149 The English Model 143 vi Contents ■ Real Careers—John Torres 150 ■ Real Careers—Mark Demmer 189 The Problem of Fragmentation 152 Follow-up Investigation 190 Enforcing Traffic Laws 190 RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, AND TRAINING 153 Communications Technology—The Central Nervous Recruitment 153 System of Policing 191 Selection 154 ■ Disconnects—A Literal Disconnect: Agencies’ Inabilities to ■ Disconnects—Where Are the Women? 156 Communicate 192 Training 158 Custody—Booking and Holding Offenders 192 ■ Real Careers—Randall D. Watkins 158 Forensics—Applying Science to Investigations 192 POLICE SUBCULTURE 160 THE POLICE ORGANIZATION 193 ■ What about the Victim?—The Police Subculture and a Linkage to Intimate Partner Strife 161 DEPLOYMENT OF POLICE RESOURCES 195 Factors Affecting Resource Allocation 195 POLICE DISCRETION 162 Technological Resources 196 Positives and Negatives of Police Discretion 163 Influences on the Use of Discretion 163 THE POLICE AND PUBLIC OPINION 197 Victims and the Use of Discretion 164 ■ A Global View—Public Perceptions of the Police in Russia 200 MISCONDUCT 165 Abuse of Authority 165 RESPONDING TO DIVERSE POPULATIONS 201 Police Corruption 166 Elder Adults 201 ■ Matters of Ethics—Department of Justice Investigation of the People with Physical or Developmental Disabilities 202 Ferguson, Missouri, Police Department 167 People with Mental Disabilities 203 Attaining Integrity 168 The Homeless 204 PRIVATE SECURITY 169 Cultural Differences and Language Barriers 205 Growth 169 Rural Communities 206 Quality Concerns 169 SUMMARY 206 ■ A Global View—India’s Growing Reliance on the Review 207 Security Industry 170 Key Terms 208 Study Questions 208 Private Security/Law Enforcement Cooperation 170 Critical Thinking Questions 209 SUMMARY 171 Review 171 CHAPTER 7 Key Terms 172 Study Questions 172 Legal and Special Issues in Policing 211 Critical Thinking Questions 173 THE FOURTH AMENDMENT 213 Searches and Seizures 213 CHAPTER 6 ■ Disconnects—Reasonably Private? 214 Policing Operations 175 Reasonableness 215 The Exclusionary Rule 218 POLICING ROLES 176 Maintaining Order—Keeping the Peace 177 THE FIFTH AMENDMENT 222 Enforcing the Law—When Arrest Is Needed 177 Voluntariness 222 Providing Service—Nonemergency Police Work 178 ■ Real Careers—Brian Hilsinger 222 Miranda v. Arizona 223 POLICING STRATEGIES 178 Exceptions to the Miranda Rule 224 Preventive Patrol 178 Problem-Oriented Policing 179 THE SIXTH AMENDMENT 225 ■ A Case in Point—Problem-Oriented Policing in Action: The ■ Matters of Ethics—False Confessions 226 Colorado Springs Police Department’s HOT Program—Providing USE OF FORCE 227 Outreach to the Homeless 181 Regulating Use of Force 228 Community-Oriented Policing 182 Dynamics of Use of Force 229 ■ Real Careers—Stacy Shamblin 183 Aggressive Order Maintenance 186 PURSUITS 230 POLICE OFFICERS ON THE JOB 187 DRUG ENFORCEMENT 231 The Rookie Officer—Meeting the Real World 187 ■ Race, Class, Gender—Pedestrian Stop-and-Frisk in the The Patrol Officer—The Backbone of Policing 188 Big Apple 233 Contents vii GANG ENFORCEMENT 233 Experiencing Stress 238 Patterns of Gang Activity 234 ■ Real Careers—Ryan Bal 239 Police Response to Gangs 235 Strategies for Coping with Stress 240 INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE 235 SUMMARY 240 ■ A Case in Point—Thurman v. City of Torrington (1984) 236 Review 241 Key Terms 242 STRESS 237 Study Questions 242 ■ What about the Victim?—Providing Transition Assistance for Critical Thinking Questions 243 the Police Officer Returning from Combat Deployment 238 PART 3 Adjudication CHAPTER 8 Double Jeopardy: Protection from Repeated Trials for the The Courts 245 Same Crime 281 COURT STRUCTURE AND JURISDICTION 246 PRETRIAL PROCESS 282 State Courts 247 Arrest and Booking 282 Federal Courts 249 The Criminal Complaint 282 Other Courts 250 Arraignment and Plea 283 Criminal Appeals 251 Probable Cause Hearing 283 Discovery 284 THE COURTROOM WORKGROUP 253 Pretrial Motions 285 Judges 253 Plea Bargaining 285 ■ A Case in Point—Marbury v. Madison (1803) 255 Prosecutors 257 THE CRIMINAL TRIAL 287 ■ Real Careers—Alma Valencia 259 Due Process: Providing Fair and Equitable Treatment 287 Defense Attorneys 259 ■ Real Careers—Sarah Cory 288 Burden of Proof and Standards of Proof 289 OTHER COURTROOM PARTICIPANTS 261 Stages of the Trial 290 Juries 261 Witnesses 263 ■ Matters of Ethics—A Jury of Your Peers? . . . Not Really 291 Bifurcated Trials 294 ■ Race, Class, Gender—Race and Jury Decision Making 264 ■ Matters of Ethics—Expert Witnesses: The Good, the Bad, SUMMARY 295 and the Criminal 266 Review 296 Victims in Courts 266 Key Terms 296 Study Questions 297 ■ Disconnects—Junk Science in the Courtroom 267 Critical Thinking Questions 297 ■ What about the Victim?—The Role of the Victim Advocate 268 Other Participants 269 CHAPTER 10 SUMMARY 269 Sentencing 299 Review 270 Key Terms 270 CONTEXT FOR SENTENCING 301 Study Questions 271 Eighth Amendment Protection against Cruel and Critical Thinking Questions 271 Unusual Punishment 301 Habeas Corpus: Protection against Illegal Detainment 302 CHAPTER 9 ■ A Case in Point—Does Fairness Matter? 303 Pretrial and Trial 273 ■ Real Careers—Sean Bernhard 304 DEFENDANT RIGHTS 274 Presentence Investigation Report 304 The Eighth Amendment: Bail 274 ■ What about the Victim?—Victim Impact Statements 305 The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel and a GOALS AND MODELS OF SENTENCING 305 Speedy Trial 275 Indeterminate Sentences 307 ■ Race, Class, Gender—Justice for All? 276 Determinate Sentences 308 ■ A Case in Point—Supreme Court Reaffirms Right to Counsel at Initial Appearance 278 Sentencing Guidelines and Mandatory Sentences 308 ■ What about the Victim?—Balancing Victims’ and Offenders’ Rights Consecutive and Concurrent Sentences 310 to a Speedy Trial 280 Preventive Detention 311 viii Contents ■ Matters of Ethics—When Is a Mandatory Minimum ■ Race, Class, Gender—Exonerating the Innocent 321 Sentence Unjust? 312 SUMMARY 322 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 314 Review 322 Key Terms 323 The Supreme Court and Capital Punishment 315 Study Questions 323 The Capital Punishment Trial 317 Critical Thinking Questions 323 Controversies Concerning Capital Punishment 318 ■ A Global View—United Nations Resolution on a Death Penalty Moratorium 319 PART 4 Corrections CHAPTER 11 Victim Impact Panels and Classes 352 Overview of Corrections 325 Viewing Executions 353 DEFINING CORRECTIONS 326 UNDERSTANDING PRIVATE PRISONS 353 Private Prisons 353 ORIGINS OF CORRECTIONS 328 Early Forms of Confinement 328 ■ Matters of Ethics—Private Prisons 354 Faith-Based Prisons 356 The Workhouse 328 The Future of Private Prisons 356 Transportation 329 ■ A Global View—The Legacy of Penal Transportation and SUMMARY 356 Isla Maria Madre 330 Review 357 Key Terms 358 Hulks 331 Study Questions 358 Jails in Colonial America 331 Critical Thinking Questions 359 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 332 CHAPTER 12 The Pennsylvania System and the Penitentiary 332 Jails and Prisons 361 The Auburn System 333 The Reformatory System 334 THE STRUCTURE OF CORRECTIONS 363 The Industrial Prison System 336 Jails 363 The Therapeutic Prison 336 Prisons 365 Types of Prisons 368 MODELS OF CORRECTIONS TODAY 338 Prisoner Classification Systems 372 Punishment Model 339 Correctional Staff 372 ■ A Case in Point—Hawaii’s HOPE Program for High-Risk Probation Offenders 340 PRISONER RIGHTS 375 Crime Control Model 340 Due Process Rights 375 ■ Real Careers—Isaac Torres 341 ■ Real Careers—Angela Solorzano 376 Rehabilitation Model 342 First Amendment Rights 377 Reintegration Model 342 LIFE IN PRISONS AND JAILS 378 PRISON POPULATIONS—WHO IS BEHIND BARS? 343 The Inmate Subculture 378 Trends in Inmate Population Numbers 344 ■ Matters of Ethics—Prisoners as Research Public Safety Realignment Policy 346 Subjects 379 ■ What about the Victim?—Implications for Victims of California’s Institutional Gangs and Prison Violence 380 Prison Realignment Policy 347 ■ A Global View—A Different Kind of Prison: Venezuela’s ■ Race, Class, Gender—Treating Women in Prisons . . . as San Antonio Prison 383 Second-Class Citizens of the System 348 Illegal Drugs 385 Differences by Gender and Race 349 Solitary Confinement 386 Types of Offenders 349 WOMEN IN PRISON 387 Federal Prison Inmates 350 The Female Prison Population 387 State Prison Inmates 350 Characteristics of Women’s Prisons 387 Noninstitutional or Community Corrections 350 How Women Do Time in Prison 388 VICTIM INVOLVEMENT IN CORRECTIONS 351 ■ Race, Class, Gender—A Pregnant Inmate Program 389 Victim Services within Institutions 352 Problems of Incarcerated Women 389 Contents ix REHABILITATION AND TREATMENT IN PRISON 391 PAROLE 415 Inmate Labor 391 Purpose and Goals of Parole 415 ■ Disconnects—Diving for Rehabilitation 393 Who Is Paroled? 417 Treatment Programs 393 Roles and Tasks of the Parole Officer 419 ■ A Case in Point—The National Emotional Literacy ■ A Case in Point—Parole and the Jaycce Dugard Case 419 Program for Prisoners 394 How Successful Is Parole? 420 The Needs of Special Populations 395 Challenges to Parole 420 THE IMPACT OF PRISON ON FAMILY LIFE 400 INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS 421 SUMMARY 401 Community Service 422 Review 401 Restorative Justice 423 Key Terms 402 Restitution, Fines, and Forfeitures 424 Study Questions 403 Critical Thinking Questions 403 ■ Disconnects—What Is an appropriate Fine? 425 Mediation 426 House Arrest 426 CHAPTER 13 Community Corrections 405 Electronic Monitoring 427 Shock Programs 427 DEFINING COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS 406 Sex Offender Registers and Tracking 428 PROBATION 407 ■ What about the Victim?—Jessica’s Law—and Its Unintended Purpose and Goals of Probation 407 Consequences 429 Traditional Conditions of Probation 408 Community Centers 431 Intensive-Supervision Probation 409 Work and Study Release Programs 431 Who Serves Probation? 411 OTHER TYPES OF COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS 432 Roles and Tasks of the Probation Officer 411 ■ Real Careers—Malissa Minard 433 ■ Race, Class, Gender—Celebrity Justice 412 SUMMARY 435 How Successful Is Probation? 413 Review 435 ■ Matters of Ethics—Relationships between Correctional Key Terms 436 Personnel and Offenders 414 Study Questions 436 The Future of Probation 415 Critical Thinking Questions 437 PART 5 Special Issues CHAPTER 14 TYPES OF VICTIM SERVICE ASSISTANCE 456 Understanding and Helping Victims 439 Crisis Intervention 456 Hotlines 456 RECOGNIZING VICTIMIZATION 440 Shelters and Transitional Housing 457 ■ What about the Victim?—The Words of Crime Victims Are Often Timeless Truths 442 ■ Real Careers—Tina Figueroa-Rodriguez 458 Sexual Assault Resource Centers 459 THE ORIGINS OF VICTIM ADVOCACY 442 Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners 460 The Sign of Abel 443 Community Education and Outreach 460 Social Forces Leading to the Victims’ Rights Movement 443 ■ Matters of Ethics—When a Survivor Wants to WORKING WITH VICTIMS 445 Meet the Offender 461 Victim Advocates 446 VICTIM ASSISTANCE FOR ELDER ADULTS 461 ■ Race, Class, Gender—Charleston Shooting 448 Adult Protective Services 462 ■ Real Careers—Lia Chacon 449 TRIADs 462 Death Notification 450 COLLABORATIVE RESPONSES TO VICTIMS 463 Crime Victim Compensation 451 Intimate Partner Violence Councils 463 Victim Recovery 451 ■ A Global View—Victim Compensation Programs in ■ Disconnects—When Victims Are Revictimized 464 Foreign Countries 452 Sexual Assault Response Teams 464 ■ A Case in Point—The Killings at Sandy Hook Elementary Specialized Units 465 School 455 Restorative Justice 465 Vicarious Trauma 455