CIVIL RIGHTS IN NEW YORK CITY http://avaxho.me/blogs/ChrisRedfield This page intentionally left blank CIVIL RIGHTS IN NEW YORK CITY FROM WORLD WAR II TO THE GIULIANI ERA Edited by CLARENCE TAYLOR FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS (cid:2) New York 2011 Copyright(cid:2)2011FordhamUniversityPress All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical,photocopy,recording,oranyother—exceptforbriefquotationsin printedreviews,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Chapter2isfromEllaBakerandtheBlackFreedomMovement:ARadicalDemocratic VisionbyBarbaraRansby.Copyright(cid:2)2003bytheUniversityofNorthCaro- linaPress.Usedbypermissionofthepublisher. Chapter 9 is reprinted by permission from David Dinkins and New York City Politics: Race, Images, andthe Media by Wilbur C. Rich,the State University of NewYorkPress(cid:2)2007,StateUniversityofNewYork.Allrightsreserved. FordhamUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurateorappropriate. FordhamUniversityPressalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicfor- mats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData CivilrightsinNewYorkCity:fromWorldWarIItotheGiulianiera/edited byClarence Taylor.—1sted. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-8232-3289-5(cloth:alk.paper) ISBN978-0-8232-3291-8(ebook:alk.paper) 1.Civilrights—NewYork(State)—NewYork. 2.NewYork(N.Y.)—Race relations. I.Taylor,Clarence. JC599.U52C35 2010 323.09747(cid:2)109045—dc22 2009054039 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 13 12 11 5 4 3 2 1 Firstedition For my son, Jason; my daughter-in-law, Tara; and my grandchildren, Amanda, Nevaeh, Jayden, and Alana This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction:CivilRightsinNewYorkCity 1 ClarenceTaylor 1 ToBeaGoodAmerican:TheNewYorkCityTeachers UnionandRaceduringtheSecondWorldWar 10 ClarenceTaylor 2 Cops,Schools,andCommunism:LocalPoliticsand GlobalIdeologies—NewYorkCityinthe1950s 32 BarbaraRansby 3 ‘‘TaxationwithoutSanitationIsTyranny’’:CivilRights StrugglesoverGarbageCollectioninBrooklyn,New York,duringtheFallof1962 52 BrianPurnell 4 RochdaleVillageandtheRiseandFallofIntegrated HousinginNewYorkCity 77 PeterEisenstadt 5 ConservativeandLiberalOppositiontotheNewYork CitySchool-IntegrationCampaign 95 ClarenceTaylor 6 TheDeadEndofDespair:BayardRustin,the1968New YorkSchoolCrisis,andtheStruggleforRacialJustice 118 vii viii Contents DanielPerlstein 7 TheYoungLordsandtheSocialandStructuralRoots ofLateSixtiesUrbanRadicalism 141 JohannaFernandez 8 ‘‘BrooklynCollegeBelongstoUs’’:BlackStudents andtheTransformationofPublicHigherEducation inNewYorkCity 161 MarthaBiondi 9 RacialEvents,Diplomacy,andDinkins’sImage 182 WilburC.Rich 10 ‘‘OneCity,OneStandard’’:TheStruggleforEquality inRudolphGiuliani’sNewYork 204 JeraldPodair Notes 219 ListofContributors 267 Index 269 Acknowledgments I wish to thank Martha Biondi, Jerald Podair, Daniel Perstein, Brian Purnell,PeterEisenstadt,WilburRich,JohannaFernandez,andBar- bara Ransby for their contributions to this volume. Their generosity made this book possible. But more important than helping to produce a book, theirscholarship is helping to rewrite thehistory of civil rights andurbanhistory.IoweaspecialthankstoJeanneTheoharisandPeter Levy, two leading scholars in the field of Northern civil rights, who were kind enough to read the manuscript and provide extremely valu- ablesuggestions. Iam verygratefultoMyraChaseforhercarefulreadingof theentire manuscript and for providing very helpful recommendations. I am indebted to Jonathan Birnbaum for his thorough reading and helpful suggestionsonseveralchapters.IamalsoindebtedtoJohannaFernandez for her help with Chapter 4 and the photographs for this work. My colleagueandfriendArthurLewinwaskindenoughtoreadchaptersand makeusefulrecommendations. IwishtothankFredricNachbaur,HelenTartar,andEricNewmanof Fordham University Press for their support and helping to shape the manuscriptintoabook. IappreciatethesupportIhavereceivedfrommygoodfriendsDoug- lasEgerton,BobKelly,SarahRamsey,andCarolBerkin. Last, but not least, I wish to thank my wife, Marsha, for her support, patience,andlove. ix