FM 3-05.401 MCRP 3-33.1A Civil Affairs Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures September 2003 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Headquarters, Department of the Army FM 3-05.401 MCRP 3-33.1A Field Manual Headquarters No. 3-05.401 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 23 September 2003 Civil Affairs Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Contents Page PREFACE ...................................................................................................................v Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1-1 General.................................................................................................................... 1-1 History ..................................................................................................................... 1-4 The Fog of Military Operations.............................................................................. 1-12 CA Methodology.................................................................................................... 1-16 CA and Information Operations............................................................................. 1-21 Preparing for Deployment ..................................................................................... 1-23 Chapter 2 INTEGRATION WITH SUPPORTED ORGANIZATIONS....................................... 2-1 Overview.................................................................................................................. 2-1 CA Planning Associations ....................................................................................... 2-1 Planning Team Integration With a Supported Staff................................................. 2-4 CA Team Integration With a Supported Unit or Organization ............................... 2-10 CA/CMO Integration at the Department of Defense.............................................. 2-14 CA/CMO Integration at the Geographic Combatant Command Headquarters..... 2-17 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Marine Corps distribution: PCN 14400013600 i FM 3-05.401 Page CA/CMO Integration at the Subunified Command and Service Component Headquarters ............................................................... 2-24 CA/CMO Integration at the Joint Task Force Headquarters..................................2-28 CA/CMO Integration at the Theater and Corps Support Commands and Area Support Group Headquarters.................................................................2-32 CA/CMO Integration at the Corps Headquarters...................................................2-36 CA/CMO Integration at the Division Headquarters ................................................2-40 CA/CMO Integration at the Brigade Headquarters ................................................2-44 CA/CMO Integration at the Battalion Headquarters...............................................2-48 CA/CMO Integration at the Special Operations Forces Headquarters ..................2-52 Chapter 3 CA METHODOLOGY: ASSESS .............................................................................3-1 Overview..................................................................................................................3-1 Assessments ...........................................................................................................3-2 Analyzing the Civilian Component of METT-TC ......................................................3-3 CA Specialty Team and Tactical Team Considerations ........................................3-13 Products of the Assess Phase...............................................................................3-26 Chapter 4 CA METHODOLOGY: DECIDE ..............................................................................4-1 Overview..................................................................................................................4-1 Relating the Planning Processes to CA Employment..............................................4-2 Interagency CA/CMO Planning: Coordinating With Nonmilitary Organizations.......4-6 Civil-Military Operations Center ...............................................................................4-7 CA Mission Planning Processes............................................................................4-31 Commander’s Intent for CMO................................................................................4-32 Determining CA Priorities of Effort.........................................................................4-32 Determining CMO Measures of Effectiveness.......................................................4-34 Uniform and Personal Equipment Considerations.................................................4-38 Products of the Decide Phase ...............................................................................4-39 Chapter 5 CA METHODOLOGY: DEVELOP AND DETECT ..................................................5-1 Overview..................................................................................................................5-1 CMOC (Interagency) Operations .............................................................................5-1 Deliberate Assessments..........................................................................................5-9 Civilian Interview Techniques ................................................................................5-12 Techniques in Reaching Agreements....................................................................5-17 Conducting Meetings .............................................................................................5-22 Attending Meetings ................................................................................................5-26 ii FM 3-05.401 Page Managing and Classifying CA and CMO Information............................................ 5-27 Operating With the Media...................................................................................... 5-35 Force Protection.................................................................................................... 5-36 Products of the Develop and Detect Phase .......................................................... 5-49 Chapter 6 CA METHODOLOGY: DELIVER............................................................................ 6-1 Overview.................................................................................................................. 6-1 CA Activities ............................................................................................................ 6-2 Foreign Nation Support ........................................................................................... 6-3 Populace and Resources Control............................................................................ 6-8 Humanitarian Assistance....................................................................................... 6-17 Military Civic Action ............................................................................................... 6-20 Emergency Services ............................................................................................. 6-22 Support to Civil Administration .............................................................................. 6-26 Products of the Deliver Phase............................................................................... 6-30 Chapter 7 CA METHODOLOGY: EVALUATE........................................................................ 7-1 Overview.................................................................................................................. 7-1 Evaluating Measures of Effectiveness .................................................................... 7-2 Actions for Unsuccessful Measures of Effectiveness ............................................. 7-4 Products of the Evaluate Phase.............................................................................. 7-4 Chapter 8 CA METHODOLOGY: TRANSITION ..................................................................... 8-1 Overview.................................................................................................................. 8-1 Transition Operations.............................................................................................. 8-2 Continuity of Operations.......................................................................................... 8-6 Contracting the Civil-Military Operations Center ..................................................... 8-7 Products of the Transition Phase............................................................................ 8-7 Appendix A CA/CMO SYMBOLOGY AND GRAPHICS.............................................................A-1 Appendix B AFFILIATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FUNCTIONAL SPECIALTIES......................................B-1 Appendix C PRODUCTS OF CA/CMO PLANNING AND OPERATIONS .................................C-1 Appendix D CMOC OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES..................................................................D-1 Appendix E CA IN THE PROBLEM-SOLVING AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES........E-1 Appendix F USE OF INTERPRETERS ......................................................................................F-1 Appendix G GUIDELINES TO SUCCESSFULLY REACH AN AGREEMENT. ........................ G-1 iii FM 3-05.401 Page Appendix H STRATEGIC, OPERATIONAL, AND TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS................. H-1 Appendix I TECHNIQUES IN DISLOCATED CIVILIAN OPERATIONS ....................................I-1 GLOSSARY.................................................................................................Glossary-1 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................... Bibliography-1 INDEX...............................................................................................................Index-1 iv Preface This manual establishes the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) used by individuals, teams, and units of United States (U.S.) Army and United States Marine Corps (USMC) Civil Affairs (CA) forces, as well as planners of civil- military operations (CMO) at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of operation. The TTP prescribed in this manual are used when engaging other government agencies, indigenous populations and institutions, international organizations, and other nonmilitary entities in support of conventional and special operations (SO) missions. This manual elaborates on doctrine contained in Field Manual (FM) 41-10, Civil Affairs Operations. The focus of FM 3-05.401 is on “how to” conduct CA operations and CMO at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of operation and at the national, provincial, and local levels of government. The intent is to establish a common foundation for how CA soldiers—regardless of Active Army or Reserve Component (RC) affiliation—apply their skills to accomplish their mission in Service, joint, interagency, and multinational environments. Using the perspective of the CA planning team, the CA generalist, and the CA functional specialist, FM 3-05.401 illustrates how to identify and conduct CA tasks and activities that are products of mission analysis. This manual also discusses how to prepare for deployment, conduct operations, redeploy, and perform postmission activities. As with all doctrinal manuals, FM 3-05.401 is authoritative, but not directive. It serves as a guide and does not preclude CA personnel or units from developing their own standing operating procedures (SOPs). The TTP this manual presents should not limit CA soldiers from using their civilian-acquired skills, training, and experience to meet the challenges they will face while conducting CA activities and providing support to CMO. The USMC has adopted this publication as a nondirective reference publication to supplement existing USMC doctrine on CMO. The proponent of this manual is the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS). Submit comments and recommended changes to Commander, USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-DT-CA, Fort Bragg, NC 28310-5000. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men. This manual does not implement any international standardization agreements (STANAGs). v Chapter 1 Introduction …you will take every step in your power to preserve tranquility and order in the city and give security to individuals of every class and description—restraining as far as possible, till the restoration of civil government, every species of persecution, insult, or abuse, either from the soldiery to the inhabitants or among each other. General George Washington, 19 June 1778 GENERAL 1-1. The unique skills of the CA soldier are required across the range of full- spectrum operations incorporating all elements of national power. As the primary coordinator of CMO, he must be able to perform effectively in the four types of military action—offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations—in Service, joint, interagency, and multinational environments. His focus, whether contemplating the factors and conditions inherent to the commander’s battlespace or physically engaged in battlespace operations, is on the civil component of the operational environment. The focus of CA is to engage the civil component of the operational environment by assessing, monitoring, protecting, reinforcing, establishing, and transitioning—both actively and passively—political, economic, and information (social and cultural) institutions and capabilities to achieve U.S. national goals and objectives at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of operation both abroad and at home. 1-2. CA soldiers enter the CA branch (38), functional area (39C), operations career field (39), or obtain the CA skill qualification identifier (D) with a variety of backgrounds, experience, and expertise. Military operational and planning expertise, enhanced by CA training and coupled with the skills and capabilities obtained in the civil sector, make CA soldiers unique in the Army. Individually and collectively, as members of general staffs, planning teams, specialty teams, functional specialty teams, civic action teams, or CA teams, they apply their knowledge and talents in various ways to meet the needs of the supported commander. CA soldiers gain area expertise by maintaining regional focus, cultural awareness, and when possible, language skills. This area expertise helps the commander to assess the impact of civil considerations on military planning and operations. 1-3. During the planning process, CA soldiers provide the commander with a perspective of the nonmilitary factors—civil areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events (CASCOPE)—that shape the operational environment. In both war and military operations other than war (MOOTW), CA/CMO planners contribute to the common operational picture (COP) by helping the commander and staff to visualize the entire situation. They do 1-1 FM 3-05.401 this by analyzing the civilian component of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available—time available and civil considerations (METT-TC), as described in FM 3-0, Operations. This analysis includes— • Establishing, if needed, a civil-military operations center (CMOC) as early as possible to facilitate collaborative coordination with the nonmilitary agencies operating in the area of operations (AO). • Determining what, when, where, and why civilians might be encountered in the AO, what activities those civilians are engaged in that might affect the military operation, and vice versa. • Determining measures of effectiveness (MOEs) that generate the definition and conditions for success. 1-4. CA soldiers advise the commander on the operational capabilities of CA planning, tactical, and specialty teams. CA soldiers articulate the value of CA teams and CMO in enhancing the effectiveness of military operations. They also advise the commander on the risks associated with not engaging the civil component of the operational environment through CMO. 1-5. CA soldiers help shape the environment for successful achievement of the desired end state of an operation. According to FM 3-0, missions in any environment require Army forces prepared to conduct any combination of these operations: • Offensive operations aim at destroying or defeating an enemy. Their purpose is to impose U.S. will on the enemy and achieve decisive victory. • Defensive operations defeat an enemy attack, buy time, economize forces, or develop conditions favorable for offensive operations. Defensive operations alone cannot normally achieve a decision. Their purpose is to create conditions for a counteroffensive that allows Army forces to regain the initiative. • Stability operations promote and protect U.S. national interests by influencing the threat, political, and information dimensions of the operational environment through a combination of peacetime developmental, cooperative activities and coercive actions in response to crisis. Regional security is supported by a balanced approach that enhances regional stability and economic prosperity simultaneously. Army force presence promotes a stable environment. • Support operations employ Army forces to assist civil authorities, foreign or domestic, as they prepare for or respond to crises and relieve suffering. Domestically, Army forces respond only when the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) directs. Army forces operate in support of the lead federal agency (LFA) and comply with provisions of U.S. law, to include the Posse Comitatus and Stafford Acts. 1-6. At the strategic and operational levels of operation, especially during the implementation of geographic combatant command theater engagement plans, the application of some CA activities can mitigate the need to apply other military operations in a crisis response. When a crisis is unavoidable, groundwork laid by those CA activities can also facilitate rapid decisive operations. 1-2 FM 3-05.401 1-7. CMO are inherent to all military operations. Some of the common roles performed by CA soldiers include— • Providing the primary interface with all civilian agencies and organizations (indigenous, U.S. government [USG], nongovernment, and international) in the AO. • Establishing and maintaining a CMOC to facilitate interagency collaborative coordination. • Analyzing the civil component of the AO for CASCOPE to determine the impact of the civil environment on military operations, as well as the impact of military operations on the civil environment. • Monitoring operations to minimize the negative impacts of both sides, to identify requirements for follow-on CA activities and CMO, and to identify when MOEs have been achieved. • Assisting commanders at all levels to fulfill their responsibilities inherent in CMO directly (by conducting CA activities) and indirectly (in an advisory role). • Facilitating transition of operations from military to civilian control. 1-8. CA soldiers also perform specialized roles. These roles include— • Supporting dislocated civilian (DC) operations. • Identifying and, if necessary, facilitating negotiations for foreign nation support (FNS) resources and facilities for use by U.S. forces. • Enhancing force protection and situational awareness by engaging routinely with local agencies, government and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and civilian authorities. • Assessing conditions in the AO in terms of the 16 CA functional specialties and providing support to civil administration in them, as required. • Other tasks described in FM 41-10 and associated joint publications (JPs). 1-9. During posthostilities operations, which include operations in areas where conflict has subsided while combat operations continue elsewhere, CA soldiers establish and maintain a CMOC, assess current conditions, and determine the requirements for meeting emergency needs. They draw upon civilian-attained skills to assist U.S. and foreign conventional forces, special operations forces (SOF), government agencies, and civil authorities in returning affected areas to normalcy. In doing so, CA soldiers enhance force protection and help set conditions for the transition of day-to-day functions to host nation (HN) or third-nation authorities so that U.S. forces may transition and redeploy. 1-10. FM 41-10 addresses what CA soldiers are expected to do. This FM addresses how CA soldiers might accomplish the inherent tasks of CA activities across the range of full-spectrum operations. 1-3