CircumMare:ThemesinAncientWarfare Mnemosyne Supplements history and archaeology of classical antiquity SeriesEditor HansvanWees(UniversityCollegeLondon) AssociateEditors JanPaulCrielaard(VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam) BenetSalway(UniversityCollegeLondon) volume388 Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/mns-haca Circum Mare: Themes in Ancient Warfare Editedby JeremyArmstrong WithaForewordby LeeL.Brice leiden | boston Coverillustration:GrandeLudovisi‘BattleSarcophagus’,Rome,PalazzoAltemps(MuseoNazionale Romano)Inv.8574.ImagereproducedwiththepermissionoftheMinisterodeibeniedelleattivitàculturali edelturismo—SoprintendenzaSpecialeperilColosseo,ilMuseoNazionaleRomanoel'Areaarcheologica diRoma.PhotobyJeremyArmstrong. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Armstrong,Jeremy,editorofcompilation. Title:Circummare:themesinancientwarfare/editedbyJeremyArmstrong; withaforewordbyLeeL.Brice. Othertitles:Themesinancientwarfare Description:Boston:Brill,[2016]|Series:Mnemosyne/supplements; volume388|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2016011219(print)|LCCN2016011917(ebook)|ISBN 9789004284845(hbk.:alk.paper)|ISBN9789004284852(e-book) Subjects:LCSH:MediterraneanRegion–History,Military–To1500.|Military artandscience–MediterraneanRegion–History–To1500. Classification:LCCDE84.C572016(print)|LCCDE84(ebook)|DDC 355.020937–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016011219 WantorneedOpenAccess?BrillOpenoffersyouthechoicetomakeyourresearchfreelyaccessibleonline inexchangeforapublicationcharge.Reviewyourvariousoptionsonbrill.com/brill-open. TypefacefortheLatin,Greek,andCyrillicscripts:“Brill”.Seeanddownload:brill.com/brill-typeface. issn2352-8656 isbn978-90-04-28484-5(hardback) isbn978-90-04-28485-2(e-book) Copyright2016byKoninklijkeBrillnv,Leiden,TheNetherlands. 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Contents Foreword vii LeeL.Brice Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations x 1 WarandSocietyintheAncientWorld:AnIntroduction 1 JeremyArmstrong MilitaryNarratives 2 SimpleWords,SimplePictures:TheLinkbetweentheSnapshotsof BattleandtheWarDiaryEntriesinAncientEgypt 13 AnthonySpalinger 3 Caesar’sExemplaandtheRoleofCenturionsinBattle 34 DavidNolan TheEconomicsofWarfare 4 CoinageandtheEconomicsoftheAthenianEmpire 65 MatthewTrundle 5 TributumintheMiddleRepublic 80 NathanRosenstein MilitaryCohesion 6 TheTiesthatBind:MilitaryCohesioninArchaicRome 101 JeremyArmstrong 7 SacramentumMilitiae:EmptyWordsinanAgeofChaos 120 MarkHebblewhite vi contents MilitaryAuthority 8 CircumscribingImperium:PowerandRegulationintheRepublican Province 145 RalphCovino 9 TheDelianandSecondAthenianLeagues:ThePerspectiveof CollectiveAction 164 JamesKierstead IrregularWarfare 10 ‘Warlordism’andtheDisintegrationoftheWesternRoman Army 185 JeroenW.P.Wijnendaele 11 TheSignificanceofInsignificantEngagements:IrregularWarfare duringthePunicWars 204 LouisRawlings FortificationsandSieges 12 ‘SiegeWarfare’inAncientEgypt,asDerivedfromSelectRoyaland PrivateBattleScenes 237 BrettH.Heagren 13 TissaphernesandtheAchaemenidDefenseofWesternAnatolia, 412–395bc 262 JohnW.I.Lee Bibliography 283 Index 317 Foreword My own involvement with this volume is as the series editor for Brill’s new WarfareintheAncientMediterraneanWorld—BrillCompanionstotheClassi- calWorld.Althoughthispresentvolumeprecededthatseries,itisindicativeof anewcommitmentBrillhasmadetopublishmoreworksonthemilitaryhis- toryoftheancientworld.Thesevolumeswillappearinseveralseries,including Ancient Egypt,the Ancient NearEast and Persia, the aforementionedseries, and Mnemosynesupplements—suchasthis volume.Takenasawhole these volumes,companions,andmonographswillcontinuetopresenttherichpro- ductionofmilitaryhistoricalworkbeingdoneandstimulatenewworkasthe field continues to evolve. Circum Mare: Themes in Ancient Warfare demon- stratessomeofthewaysinwhichmilitaryhistoryremainsafascinatingand livelytopic.Itismyimmensehonortointroducethisnewcontributiontothe field. Circummare,“AroundtheSea,”mayseemlikeanunusualnameforavolume thataddressesmilitaryhistoryonland,butitcapturesthethrustofthisvolume inacoupleusefulways.Theseaaroundwhichthesechaptershavefocusedis theMediterranean.Readersandpractitionersofmilitaryhistorytendtothink ofthefieldingeographicallynarrowterms.WecanpickupbooksonGreece, Rome, Egypt, or Persia, among other topics, and each one tends to focus on warfareandmilitariesfromonestate’sorpower’sperspective,muchasdoour sources.Evenwhenwefindbooksthatbringtogetherwarfarefrommultiple regions,cultures,orperiods,likeGreeceandRome,theystilltendtodosoin waysthatfocusonthedifferencesbetweenthemratherthantheconnections betweenhowpeopleindifferentcontextssolvedsimilarproblems.Certainly there are obviously consistent themes across time and culture—victory and loss,hand-to-handcombat,spoils,missedopportunities,death,etc.—butthere remainmanytopicswedonotusuallyconsider.Theseessaysprovidereaders a chance to compare how people in different ancient contexts approached relatedaspectsofwarfareandthemilitary.TheMediterraneanbasinconnects themandprovidesaunifyinggeographiccontext. A second way in which Circum mare fits this volume is in the array of methodologiesitbringstogether.Inthatsense,themetaphorical“sea”around whichthesechaptersarearrangedistraditionalmilitaryhistory.Despiteforty- fiveyearsoftheso-calledNewMilitaryHistory,aginormousamountofwritten workinmilitaryhistoryremainsfocusedonthetraditionalareasofbiography and‘drumsandtrumpets’.Academicmilitaryhistoryhasmovedwellbeyond theseapproaches.Thisvolumebringstogether,inpairs,chaptersthatdemon- viii foreword strate the continuing evolution of military history methodology. Attempting toshedlightonvariousaspectsofthemilitarypast,theauthorsdevelopnew twists on older topics, like economics and literary/visual culture, as well as morerecentworkoncollectiveaction,rationalactors,irregularwarfare,mil- itary cohesion, and warlordism. The resulting combination provides exam- plesofthewaysinwhichnewapproaches,andaskingnewquestionsofolder approaches,continuetoshedlightonaspectsofancientwarfareandmilitaries. LeeL.Brice WesternIllinoisUniversity Acknowledgments Thiseditedvolume,likesomanyothers,wasbornoutofaconference—inthis particularinstance,onefocusedonthetopicofancientwarfareandheldatthe UniversityofAucklandinJuly2012.The‘CallforPapers’whichwasissuedfor theconferencewasextremely(andconsciously)vague,hopingtopullinthe widestpossiblerangeofspeakers—andindeed,scholarsrepresentingawide rangeofresearchinterests(includingAncientEgypt,Greece,Rome,andlate Antiquity)presentedpapersonvariousaspectsofwarfareintheancientworld. However,despitethevarietyoftheofferingsandthemyriadapproachesand methodologieswhichwereemployed,duringthediscussionswhichfollowed each paper it became clear that all of the scholars were working on similar themesandissuesandthatthepapers,althoughvariedingeographicregion andtemporalcontext,couldbebroughttogethertopresentasurprisinglycohe- sive ‘snapshot’ of current directions in ancient military history. The decision was then made to publish the papers from the conference which best rep- resentedthis‘snapshot.’Thesepapersweresupplementedwithafewinvited chapterstofilloutanyareasorthemeswhichwereinitiallyunderrepresented, althoughpreferencewasgiventothematicunityovergeographicortemporal coverage.Thecollectedpaperswerethenpairedbasedonthematicchoicesto form,whattheeditorhopesis,aprovocativeexaminationofcurrentdirections inthisexcitingfieldfromaroundtheMediterranean. As always with these projects, there are far too many people to thank, as everystageofthisprojectrepresentedacollaborationofonesortoranother. However,Iwouldfirstofallliketothankallofthecontributorstothevolumefor theirinitialcontributions,fortheirdiligentreworkingofthosecontributions following comments from myself and the reviewers, and for their patience and understanding as this project slowly trundled forward. I would also like to thank the Faculty of Arts of the University of Auckland for their financial supportoftheconferencein2012,Prof.LeeL.BriceandTesselJonquièrefor theireditorialsupport,input,andacumen,andallofthepeerreviewers,whose workwasmoreoftenthannotpaidinmere‘thanks’.Finally,thepresentvolume wouldalsonothavebeenpossiblewithouttheeditorialsupportofMs.Sheira Cohen and Ms. Julia Hamilton, whose tireless work on the minutiae (and particularlythereferencingandbibliographicstyle)Iamimmenselygrateful for. JeremyArmstrong UniversityofAuckland