Circles of the Russian Revolution This volume provides the English-speaking reader with little-known perspec- tivesof Central and Eastern European historians on the topic of the Russian Revolution. Whereas research into the Soviet Union’s history has flourished at Western universities, the contribution of Central and Eastern European historians, during the Cold War working in conditions of imposed censor- ship,tothisfieldofacademicresearchhasoftenbeenseriouslycircumscribed. Bringing together perspectives from across Central and Eastern Europe alongside contributions from established scholars from the West, this signifi- cantvolumecaststheyear1917inanewcriticallight. Łukasz Adamski is a historian (PhD) and foreign policy expert, and also an author/editor of academic works devoted to Polish political thought, the history of Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Russian relations. He is currently deputydirectorof the Centre forPolish-Russian Dialogue and Understanding since2016(apublicinstitution,establishedbyanactofthePolishparliament). BartłomiejGajosisahistorian,researchfellowattheCentreforPolish-Russian Dialogue and Understanding and at the Institute of History (Polish Academy ofSciences).HespecializesinthehistoryoftheRussianrevolutionandpolitics ofmemory. Routledge Studies in Modern European History Greeks without Greece Homelands,Belonging,andMemoryamongsttheExpatriatedGreeksofTurkey Huw Halstead The Mediterranean Double-Cross System, 1941–1945 Brett E. Lintott National Indifference and the History of Nationalism in Modern Europe Edited by Maarten Van Ginderachter and Jon Fox Refugees, Human Rights and Realpolitik The Clandestine Immigration of Jewish Refugees from Italy to Palestine, 1945–1948 Daphna Sharfman Food and Age in Europe, 1800–2000 EditedbyTennaJensen,CarolineNyvang,PeterScholliersandPeterJ.Atkins Utopia and Dissent in West Germany The Resurgence of the Politics of Everyday Life in the Long 1960s Mia Lee Mobility in the Russian, Central and East European Past Edited by Róisín Healy From Revolution to Uncertainty The Year 1990 in Central and Eastern Europe EditedbyJoachimvonPuttkamer,WłodzimierzBorodziejandStanislavHolubec Circles of the Russian Revolution Internal and International Consequences of the Year 1917 in Russia Edited by Łukasz Adamski and Bartłomiej Gajos For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com/history/ series/SE0246 Circles of the Russian Revolution Internal and International Consequences of the Year 1917 in Russia Ł Edited by ukasz Adamski and ł Bart omiej Gajos Firstpublished2019 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 52VanderbiltAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2019selectionandeditorialmatter,ŁukaszAdamskiandBartłomiej Gajosindividualchapters,thecontributors TherightofŁukaszAdamskiandBartłomiejGajostobeidentified astheauthorsoftheeditorialmaterial,andoftheauthorsfortheir individualchapters,hasbeenassertedinaccordancewithsections77 and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor reproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical, orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including photocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarks orregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationand explanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Gajos,Bartłomiej,1992-editor.|Adamski,Łukasz, 1981-editor. Title:CirclesoftheRussianRevolution:internalandinternational consequencesoftheyear1917inRussia/editedbyBartlomiejGajos andLukaszAdamski. Description:Abingdon,Oxon;NewYork,NY:Routledge,2019.| Series:RoutledgestudiesinmodernEuropeanhistory;69|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2019005598(print)|LCCN2019009888(ebook)| ISBN9780429763649(adobe)|ISBN9780429763625(mobi)| ISBN9780429763632(epub)|ISBN9781138385122(hardback)| ISBN9780429427329(ebook) Subjects:LCSH:SovietUnion–History–Revolution,1917-1921. Classification:LCCDK265(ebook)|LCCDK265.C5482019 (print)|DDC947.084/1–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019005598 ISBN:978-1-138-38512-2(hbk) ISBN:978-0-429-42732-9(ebk) TypesetinTimesNewRoman byIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd. Contents Listofcontributors vii Acknowledgments xi Editorialnote xii 1 TheRussianRevolutionanditsmanycircles 1 ŁUKASZADAMSKIANDBARTŁOMIEJGAJOS 2 “Aravagedcentury”:DidtheRussianRevolutiondefinethe 20thcentury? 11 MAREKKORNAT 3 ViolenceintheRussianRevolutionandCivilWar,1914–20: Asurveyofrecenthistoriography 25 STEVEA.SMITH 4 Fromutopiatoalawlessstate:RussianMarxismandRussian Revolutionsasatotalitarianproject 40 ADAMBOSIACKI 5 Lociofpoliticalpower:The1917RussianRevolutionfrom regionalperspectives 60 SARAHBADCOCK 6 TheKaraims:PoliticalandsocialactivitiesduringtheRussian Revolutionandcivilwar 82 PETRKALETA 7 The1917RussianRevolutionandBelarusiannationalmovement 94 ALAKSANDRSMALANČUK vi Contents 8 GreatBritainandthe1917revolutioninUkraine 109 JANJACEKBRUSKI 9 “Finexit”:TheRussianRevolutionandFinnishindependence 122 KARIALENIUS 10 Rebellion:SocialconflictinCentralandEasternEuropein 1917–1920 137 WŁODZIMIERZBORODZIEJANDMACIEJGÓRNY 11 FrenchpoliticalcirclesandtheconsequencesoftheRussian RevolutioninEasternEurope 157 FREDERICDESSBERG 12 TheconsequencesoftheRussianRevolutiononthePolishquestion fromtheWesternpowers’pointofview 172 ISABELLEDAVION 13 Austria-HungaryandtheRussianRevolution 182 LOTHARHÖBELT 14 GreatBritainandtheRussianRevolutionof1917 191 YEVGENYSERGEYEV 15 Idlememory?The1917anniversaryinRussia 202 BORISKOLONITSKYANDMARIYAMATSKEVICH 16 Aquietjubilee:Practicesofthepoliticalcommemorationofthe centenaryofthe1917revolution(s)inRussia 220 OLGAMALINOVA 17 (R)evolutionarymemoryinTambov(1991–2017) 242 BARTŁOMIEJGAJOS Index 270 Contributors Łukasz Adamski is a historian (PhD) and foreign policy expert, and also an author/editor of academic works devoted to Polish political thought, the history of the Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Russian relations. He is cur- rently deputy director of the Centre for Polish-Russian Dialogue and Understanding since 2016 (public institution, established by an act of the Polish parliament). Kari Alenius is professor in general history with a specific focus on inter- nationalandculturalinteractions,andheadofthedepartmentofhistoryat the University of Oulu, Finland. He is also head of the Transcultural Encounters Research Center (TCERC).He has specialized inthe historyof Eastern Europe (Baltic countries in particular), history of ethnic relations and minorityissues, and the historyof mental images and their importance in the relations between human communities. He is the author of six monographs. Sarah Badcock is an associate professor at the University of Nottingham. Her research focuses on Russia in the late imperial and revolutionary periods. Her most recent book, A Prison Without Walls? Eastern Siberian Exile in the Last Years of Tsarism was published by Oxford University Press. Her research on ordinary people’s experiences of the Russian Revo- lution culminated in a book published by Cambridge University Press, Politics and the People in Revolutionary Russia: A Provincial History. Włodzimierz BorodziejisaprofessorofcontemporaryhistoryattheUniversity of Warsaw, 2010–2016. He is co-directorof Imre Kertész Kolleg, Jena and, since 2003, the editor in chief of Polskie Dokumenty Dyplomatyczne, pub- lished by the Polish Institute of International Affairs (23 volumes). He is chairman of the Academic Committee, House of European History, Brussels. Adam Bosiacki is a professor, the director of the Institute of Theory of State and Law and the head of the Department of History of Political and Legal Thought in the Law and Administration Faculty, University of Warsaw. His research interests include: history of the legal system and viii Contributors law of Central-Eastern Europe, Russia and USSR, history of administra- tion, and the history of legal thought. He is the author of various books and articles, including Utopia – władza – prawo. Doktryna i koncepcje prawne bolszewickiej Rosji 1917–1921, Konstytucjonalizm rosyjski: historia i współczesność, and he is also the editor in chief of the Klasycy Myśli Prawnej series. Jan Jacek Bruski, assistantprofessor,worksattheInstituteofHistory,Jagiello- nian University. He is a specialist in modern historyof Central and Eastern Europe, in the particular historyof Ukraine and Polish-Ukrainian relations. He is the author of following books: Petlurowcy. Centrum Państwowe Ukraińskiej Republiki Ludowej na wychodźstwie, 1919–1924 (2000), Hołodo- mor1932–1933.WielkiGłódnaUkrainiewdokumentachpolskiejdyplomacjii wywiadu(2008),MiędzyprometeizmemaRealpolitik.IIRzeczpospolitawobec UkrainySowieckiej,1921–1926(2010);Englishedition:BetweenPrometheism and Realpolitik.Poland and Soviet Ukraine, 1921–1926 (2017). He also receivedtheawardof“PrzeglądWschodni”andtheawardofWacławFelczak andHenrykWereszyckiPolishHistorianCommunity. Isabelle Davion is assistant professor at Sorbonne University. Her book Mon voisin,cetennemi[MyNeighbour,MyEnemy:FrenchSecurityPolicyfacing thePolish-CzechoslovakRelationsbetween1919and1939]receivedanaward from the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. Her more recent publications include the publication of the French committee’s papers on peace treaties, Les Experts français et les frontières d’Après-guerre in 2015, and a contribution to Russian and Slavonic Studies on “USSR Recognition in1924:AcceleratingtheFrenchSecuritySystem?”in2016. Frédéric Dessberg is assistant professor at Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne Univer- sity and also works at Saint-Cyr Military Academy. He is interested in French policy in Central and Eastern Europe between 1918–1939. He has recently published and co-edited: Les Européens et la guerre [The Europeans and Wars]; Militaires et diplomates français face à l’Europe médiane. Entre médiations et constructions des savoirs [French Military and Diplomats Facing Central Europe. Between Mediation and Building of Knowledge], in collaboration with I. Davion. Bartłomiej Gajos isahistorian,researchfellowattheCentreforPolish-Russian Dialogue and Understanding and at the Institute of History (Polish Acad- emyofSciences).HespecializesinthehistoryoftheRussianrevolutionand politicsofmemory. Maciej Górny is assistant professor, adjunct at the Tadeusz Manteuffel Insti- tute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences. His research interests include the history of Central-Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th cen- tury and the history of science. He is the author of several books includ- ing Między Marksem a Palackým. Historiografia w komunistycznej Contributors ix Czechosłowacji, Przede wszystkim ma być naród. Marksistowskie historio- grafie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, Wielka Wojna profesorów. Nauki o człowieku (1912–1923), and co-author (together with Włodzimierz Bor- odziej) of the book Nasza wojna, t. I:Imperia 1912–1916. Lothar Höbelt is a professor of modern history at the University of Vienna. His research interests include: Austrian, British and German foreign policy in 19th and 20th Century. He is the author of numerous books and articles including Die Habsburger. Aufstieg und Glanz einer euro- päischen Dynastie, Landschaft und Politik im Sudetenland. Petr Kaleta is assistant professor at the Charles University in Prague. His research interests include the history of national minorities (Sorbs, Kara- ites, Kashubians), studying ethnohistorical regions in Europe (Lusatia, Galicia, Kashubia) and Czech emigrants (19th and 20th century). Boris Kolonitsky is a professor in the Faculty of History at the European University in St. Petersburg, and a leading researcher at the Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences. He is the author of the following books: Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917 (co-author with O. Figes) Погоны иборьба за власть в1917 году, Символы властииборьба за власть: К изучению политическойкультуры Российскойреволюции1917 года, Трагическая эротика: Образы импера- торской семьи в годы Первой мировой войны, Товарищ Керенский: антимонархическая революция и формирование культа “вождя народа”. Marek Kornat is professor at the Institute of History (Polish Academy of Sciences) and at the Faculty of Law and Administration at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw. He has written numerous books and studies on Polish sovietology, Polish political thought and Poland’s foreign policy in the interwar era. In 2012 he published two monographs: Polityka zagraniczna Polski 1938–1939. Cztery decyzje Józefa Becka and Polen zwischen Hitler und Stalin. Studien zur polnischen Außenpolitik in der Zwischenkriegszeit. Olga Malinova is professor at the Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Faculty of Social Sciences. She is also the chief research fellow of the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences. She is the author and editor of several books and articles about political discourse and political ideologies, including Constructing Meanings: Study of Symbolic Politics in Modern Russia (2013) and The “Actual” Past: A Symbolic Policy of the Governing Elite and Dilemmas of Russian Identity (2015). Mariya Matskevich is a senior research fellow at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Her research interests include: col- lective memory, sociological methodology and the sociologyof drug use.