CINDYSHERMAN:THERHETORICOFWRITINGWITHTHESTAR By BARRYJASON MAUER A DISSERTATION PRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTS FORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOF FLORIDA 1999 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Robert Ray introduced me to Cindy Sherman's Untitled Film Stillsin his Introduction to Theory class and encouraged me to use them in my teaching. Susan Hegeman revised sections of Chapter 6. Gregory Ulmer encouraged me and guided this work. I am extremely grateful for their contributions, without which this work would not exist. My deepest gratitude goes to Claire, whose dialogue with me these many months has contributed immeasurably to this work. 11 TABLEOFCONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iv CHAPTERS 1INTRODUCTION 1 Toward an Electronic Rhetoric 1 Dissertation Overview 1 2INFERENTIALREASONINGANDTHEAVANT-GARDE 14 Baxandall 16 Charge and Brief 21 Troc, Markets, Tradition 33 3THEUNCERTAINSTATUSOFTHEOBJECT 38 The Prospects for an Inferential Treatment of the Postmodern Avant-Garde 38 James Peterson's Inferential Treatment of the Avant-Garde 4 FilmStillsasWriting 59 The Photographic Message 63 Image and (Missing) Text: The Publicity Still 7 Sherman'sChargeandBrief 77 Sherman'sResources 8 Warhol and the Aesthetics of Appropriation 83 in 4THERHETORICOFWRITINGWITHTHESTAR 88 Charisma 8g TheStarasRhetoric 100 WritingwiththeFetish 107 Laura Mulvey and the Political Aesthetics of the Fetish 1i2 5THERHETORICOFINTERPRETATION 120 Bordwell's Rhetoric ofCriticism 123 Explicatory and Symptomatic Criticism 134 A Grammatology ofCritique 143 Case Study: Judith Williamson 146 Case Study: Kaja Silverman 152 6TEACHINGWITHFILMSTILLS 168 An Arts-Oriented Program of Research and Pedagogy 168 ANewApproach 17q Materials and Methods 173 The Assignment 1gq Planning Your Film Still 182 Evaluations 186 FilmStills,PartTwo: TheThirdMeaning 187 Reflections ..192 CONCLUSION:THEINVENTIONMETHOD 195 REFERENCES 197 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 2 IV Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy CINDYSHERMAN:THERHETORICOFWRITINGWITHTHESTAR By Barry Jason Mauer May 1999 Chairman: Gregory Ulmer Major Department: English My dissertation proposes an arts model of humanities learning for a computerized networked writing environment. Through case studies of Picasso's cubist paintings, Cindy Sherman's Untitled Film Stills, and the Hollywood star system, I discuss the invention of a new rhetoric for media practices within the institutional frames of art and entertainment. My goal is to develop a rhetoric for hypermedia practices within education. As a work of heuretics, which uses the logic of invention rather than interpretation, my dissertation explores art, theory and criticism as resources for a hybrid genre of writing within electronic media. In this genre, students produce their own film stills and criticism. The context for this project is Hollywood's use of "the star." Hollywood and its stars produce a way of communicating information bodily, through looks and poses which have spread through the culture. Sherman appropriates these behaviors for works of high art, showing that the products of Hollywood can be remotivated for other purposes. My appropriation of Sherman's work for a pedagogical project follows the example set by Sherman herself. The dissertation uses the inferential criticism of Michael Baxandall and James Peterson to construct a poetics from Sherman's work. This poetics, in turn, becomes the basis for humanities writing in electronic media. VI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Toward An Electronic Rhetoric In the rhetoric of literacy, ethos is known as the problem of "voice," an acknowledgment of the writer's simulated performance of a spoken "role" for a particular occasion. The elements of ethos change as we move from self-representation within alphabetic writing to self-representation within images; the self is no longer understood as a "voice" but as a "look." In hypertext, a computer- based writing program, we can represent ourselves using both text and images. Therefore, we need to explore what it means to write with images. My dissertation presents an electronic rhetoric for use within a computerized learning environment. I developed this rhetoric, in part, from a case study of Cindy Sherman's Untitled Film Stills, small black-and-white images of Sherman impersonating various character types from old movies. Sherman's series is directly relevant to the problem of self-representation in this new media environment. By showing us how we can represent ourselves with images "on screen," Sherman's work helps us do humanities research, writing, and teaching using electronic media. Is the humanities responsible for teaching people how to use multimedia? Perhaps we should ask whether we are in the literacy business or in the communications business. An analogy can be 1 made between the humanities in the age of the computer and the railroad companies in the age of the commercial jet; the railroad companies had to ask whether they were in the railroad business or the transportation business. If they didn't embrace changes in transportation, they risked becoming irrelevant. Since ordinary people now use photography, film, video, and hypertext, with or without humanities training, humanities educators have an opportunity, and perhaps even an obligation, to teach "communication" in these new media. Whichever direction society takes in its use of communications technologies, the humanities' role is to help teach reading and writing. If we refuse this role, we abdicate our responsibilities to other institutions, such as trade schools, commercial institutions, and the military, that don't necessarily share humanist values. Currently, the humanities addresses new media by means of critique; critique by itself, however, does little to affect the ways in which people communicate and produce work in these media (with some exceptions—see Chapter 4). The humanities' commitment to the written essay as its only acceptable form means that little experimentation has been done to develop humanities writing practices for new media. As humanities educators, we know a lot about argument, narrative, and metaphor, and can teach students how to use these forms to their advantage in their writing, but what do we know about rhetoric in electronic media such as hypertext? A rhetoric of hypertext should provide instructions for using all the features of the medium. HyperCard, the first mass-marketed hypertext system, came with the following description: The model for HyperCard is the 3-by-5 card. A card is represented by a Macintosh screen. As you flip through screens (cards) you read them one after another, as if they were a stack. Cards can hold any kind of information you want, in any format you want, including pictures. Rather than resting inertly, as on a Rolodex, information can be actively linked to any other point on any other card. Another way to imagine it would be to think of a book that had footnotes that appear only when you clicked on a passage you wanted to know more about. It would carry you to interesting details, which might themselves have footnotes which are footnoted and so on. (HyperCard Software," 102; quoted in Ulmer, 29) Although Apple describes HyperCard in metaphors from alphabetic literacy (the card and the book), we need to understand how electronic media differs from alphabet literacy. Grammatology, the study of the history of writing, posits that different technologies of communication, the means by which people store, retrieve, and process information, occasion different kinds of thinking. Grammatology suggests that human history has seen only two major revolutions in communication technology: the first involved the shift from oral to alphabetic cultures; the second, the transformation to "electronic" or "cinematic" culture, which we are living through now. Grammatologists investigate the consequences, characteristics, and modes of an age of film and computers. In this dissertation, I examine the way humanities educators currently conduct writing and research; my goal is to find ways of adapting these practices to electronic media. Because communication in electronic media differs in fundamental ways from communication in alphabetic media, we must invent new ways of "writing" in order to adapt. Seen from the perspective of grammatology, the electronic revolution parallels the alphabetic revolution of some 2,500 years ago. Eric Havelock, a grammatologist who studies classic Greek literature, argues that the introduction of alphabetic literacy into human culture brought about new forms of communication. For example, he argues that pre- Socratic philosophers invented "a conceptual language in which all future systems of philosophic thought could be expressed; this same language, however, [was] extracted from Homer and Hesiod and given a new non-oralist syntax" (2-3). Among these invented concepts was "justice" (4). It is worth remembering that many of the concepts and reasoning procedures we use every day in our spoken and written thoughts are not natural or eternal; they were invented in relation to a specific technology (alphabetic writing) and a specific institution (education). In other words, they are historically and institutionally bound. The lesson of grammatology is that as technologies change, we must adapt our concepts and reasoning procedures for use within the new technologies. The context for our problem, the invention of humanities writing practices, is the apparatus shift from an alphabetic culture to an electronic culture. Gregory Ulmer writes: "For grammatology, hypermedia is the technological aspect of an electronic apparatus (referring to an interactive matrix of technology, institutional practices, and ideological subject formation)" (17). Changes in information technology precipitate changes in institutional practices,