Transportation systems in buildings CIBSE Guide D: 2010 The rights of publication or translation are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the Institution. © September 2010 (4th edition) The authors/The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers London Registered charity number 278104 ISBN: 978-1-906846-16-9 This document is based on the best knowledge available at the time of publication. However no responsibility of any kind for any injury, death, loss, damage or delay however caused resulting from the use of these recommendations can be accepted by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, the authors or others involved in its publication. In adopting these recommendations for use each adopter by doing so agrees to accept full responsibility for any personal injury, death, loss, damage or delay arising out of or in connection with their use by or on behalf of such adopter irrespective of the cause or reason therefore and agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, the authors and others involved in their publication from any and all liability arising out of or in connection with such use as aforesaid and irrespective of any negligence on the part of those indemnified. Typeset by CIBSE Publications Department Printed in Great Britain by Page Bros. (Norwich) Ltd., Norwich, Norfolk NR6 6SA Note from the publisher This publication is primarily intended to provide guidance to those responsible for the design, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of building services. It is not intended to be exhaustive or definitive and it will be necessary for users of the guidance given to exercise their own professional judgement when deciding whether to abide by or depart from it. Any commercial products depicted or described within this publication are included for the purposes of illustration only and their inclusion does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Institution. Cover design by Suzanne McCoy (Elevation Magazine); images (from top): Escalator in motion (© Nikada), Elevators inside an office building (© vm), Lift in a futuristic building (© Nikada), Lloyds of London and Tower 42 (© Sean Randall); images sourced through www.iStockphoto.com Contents 1 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Purpose of Guide D 1-1 1.2 Recent developments 1-1 1.3 Contents of Guide D 1-1 1.4 Other sources of information 1-2 References 1-4 2 Interior circulation 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 General considerations 2-1 2.3 Human factors 2-2 2.4 Circulation elements 2-2 2.5 Circulation in particular types of buildings 2-6 2.6 Location and arrangement of transportation facilities 2-10 2.7 Facilities for persons with special needs 2-13 References 2-13 3 Traffic planning and selection of equipment and performance 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Symbols 3-2 3.3 Definitions 3-2 3.4 Traffic patterns 3-3 3.5 Sizing an existing lift installation 3-4 3.6 Round trip time equation: frequently asked questions 3-7 3.7 Passenger times during up-peak traffic demand 3-9 3.8 Sizing of office lifts to meet passenger demands 3-10 3.9 Traffic conditions other than up-peak 3-12 3.10 Equipment selection with respect to lift function 3-13 3.11 Equipment selection with respect to building form 3-14 3.12 Equipment selection with respect to building function 3-15 3.13 Review of all traffic conditions 3-18 3.14 Finally 3-18 References 3-18 Appendix 3.A1: Table of Hand Svalues 3-20 4 Advanced planning techniques and computer programs 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Simulation 4-1 4.3 Describing traffic 4-2 4.4 Measuring traffic 4-3 4.5 Theoretical simulation templates 4-5 4.6 Simulation templates derived from traffic survey 4-7 4.7 Other considerations 4-9 4.8 Design examples 4-9 4.9 Simulation applied to modernisation 4-12 4.10 Comparing simulation with round trip time calculation results 4-12 4.11 Traffic analysis and simulation software 4-13 4.12 Epilogue 4-13 References 4-13 Appendix 4.A1: Symbols and formulae 4-15 5 Types of transportation systems 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Passenger lifts 5-3 5.3 Goods passenger lifts 5-10 5.4 Goods-only lifts 5-15 5.5 Observation lifts 5-15 5.6 Service lifts 5-19 5.7 Motor vehicle lifts 5-21 5.8 Rack and pinion lifts 5-23 5.9 Lifts for other purposes 5-26 5.10 Future concepts 5-32 References 5-33 Appendix 5.A1: Car, well, headroom, pit and machine room sizes 5-34 6 Firefighting lifts and escape lifts for people with disabilities 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Need for firefighting lifts 6-1 6.3 Design considerations for firefighting lifts 6-4 6.4 Testing and maintenance of firefighting lifts 6-7 6.5 Evacuation lifts for persons with limited mobility 6-7 6.6 Design considerations for evacuation lifts 6-8 6.7 Using lifts for general evacuation 6-9 References 6-9 7 Lift components and installation 7-1 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Electric traction drives 7-1 7.3 Hydraulic drives 7-9 7.4 Controller cabinet 7-13 7.5 Guide rails 7-13 7.6 Counterweight 7-15 7.7 Lift car 7-16 7.8 Door operators 7-17 7.9 Door configurations 7-19 7.10 Overspeed governors 7-22 7.11 Safety gear 7-22 7.12 Buffers 7-24 7.13 Uncontrolled movement devices 7-25 7.14 Suspension systems 7-27 7.15 Roping systems 7-29 7.16 Car and landing fixtures and inspection controls 7-31 7-17 Guarding 7-32 References 7-33 8 Lift drives and controls 8-1 8.1 Introduction 8-1 8.2 Lift controllers 8-2 8.3 Controller technology 8-3 8.4 Control of lift drives 8-5 8.5 DCmotor control techniques 8-7 8.6 ACmotor control techniques 8-8 8.7 Control of hydraulic drives 8-10 8.8 Control of door operators 8-11 8.9 Electromagnetic compatibility, environment and reliability 8-13 References 8-13 9 Lift traffic control 9-1 9.1 The need for lift traffic control 9-1 9.2 Single lift traffic control 9-1 9.3 Purpose of group traffic control 9-2 9.4 Types of traffic control algorithms 9-3 9.5 Advanced group traffic controller features 9-6 9.6 Other group traffic controller features 9-8 9.7 Effect of the traffic control algorithm on traffic design 9-10 9.8 Design case study 9-11 9.9 Installation case study 9-12 9.10 Improvement verification case study 9-13 References 9-14 10 Escalators and moving walks 10-1 10.1 Introduction 10-1 10.2 Definitions, commonly available equipment and duty 10-2 10.3 Principal components 10-2 10.4 Installation planning 10-3 10.5 Drive systems, energy usage and safety devices 10-7 10.6 Ride quality of escalators and moving walks 10-9 10.7 Existing escalators and moving walks 10-9 References 10-9 11 Transportation facilities for persons disabilities 11-1 11.1 Access for everyone 11-1 11.2 Disability or impairment? 11-1 11.3 Summary of Disability Discrimination Act 1995 11-1 11.4 Building Regulations Approved Document M 11-2 11.5 Equipment selection to meet user needs 11-2 11.6 Environmental conditions 11-3 11.7 Equipment provision 11-4 11.8 Escalators and moving walks 11-9 11.9 Egress for persons with disabilities 11-9 11.10 Selection of lifting device 11-9 References 11-9 12 Electrical systems and environmental conditions 12-1 12.1 Introduction 12-1 12.2 Lift power supplies 12-1 12.3 Lift power factor 12-2 12.4 Protection of supplies 12-2 12.5 Standby power 12-3 12.6 Isolating switches, lighting and socket outlets 12-3 12.7 Harmonic distortion 12-4 12.8 Electromagnetic interference 12-4 12.9 Cabling and wiring 12-4 12.10 Machine room environment 12-6 12.11 Lift well environment 12-9 12.12 Lift car environment 12-9 12.13 Human comfort considerations 12-9 12.14 Environment for maintenance 12-11 12.15 Lightning protection 12-12 References 12-13 Appendix 12.A1: Schedules for electrical system requirements 12-14 13 Energy consumption of lifts, escalators and moving walks 13-1 13.1 Legislative provisions 13-1 13.2 Energy consumption and energy efficiency 13-1 13.3 Energy consumption of lifts 13-2 13.4 Factors affecting lift energy consumption 13-4 13.5 Measuring the energy consumption of lifts 13-5 13.6 Estimating the energy consumption of lifts 13-7 13.7 Factors affecting energy consumption of escalators and 13-7 moving walks 13.8 Estimating the energy consumption of escalators and 13-7 moving walks 13.9 Measuring the energy consumption of escalators and 13-8 moving walks 13.10 Measures to conserve energy 13-8 13.11 Building energy classification systems 13-9 13.12 Future legislation 13-10 13.13 Conclusions 13-10 References 13-11 14 Remote monitoring and alarms 14-1 14.1 Reasons for remote alarms and remote monitoring 14-1 14.2 Remote lift alarms 14-1 14.3 Remote lift monitoring systems 14-5 14.4 Building management systems 14-6 14.5 Escalators and moving walks 14-8 References 14-8 15 Commissioning, preventative maintenance, testing and 15-1 thorough examination of lifts, escalator and moving walks 15.1 Introduction 15-1 15.2 Commissioning 15-1 15.3 Preventative maintenance 15-4 15.4 Thorough examination and testing 15-7 15.5 Documentation 15-12 References 15-12 16 Upgrading of safety, performance and equipment for 16-1 existing lifts 16.1 Introduction 16-1 16.2 Life cycle considerations 16-1 16.3 Influencing factors to upgrading 16-2 16.4 Relevant legislation, standards and codes of practice 16-2 16.5 Undertaking modifications to lifts installed before 1 July 1999 16-2 16.6 Undertaking modifications to lifts installed after 1 July 1999 16-2 16.7 Important considerations when undertaking modifications to 16-3 existing lifts 16.8 Step-by-step approach to improving the safety of existing lifts 16-5 16.9 Improvement in accessibility 16-8 16.10 Improvement in protection from vandalism 16-9 16.11 Improvement in performance 16-10 16.12 Improvement by (minor) replacements of major components 16-10 16.13 Summary of modifications undertaken to existing lifts 16-10 16.10 Tests and records 16-11 References 16-18 17 European Directives, legislation, standards and codes 17-1 of practice 17.1 Important note 17-1 17.2 European Directives 17-1 17.3 Acts of Parliament 17-2 17.4 Regulations 17-2 17.5 Standards and codes of practice 17-6 References 17-7 18 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 18-1 18.1 General 18-1 18.2 Introduction 18-1 18.3 Summary of Part 4: Duties relating to health and safety 18-2 on construction sites References 18-4 Appendix 18.A1: Duties of duty holders 18-5 Appendix A1: Glossary of terms A1-1 Appendix A2: Lift kinematics A2-1 Appendix A3: Legislation and standards related to lifts, escalators A3-1 and moving walks Index I-1 1 Introduction Principal author Adam Scott (Roger Preston & Partners) Chapter contents 1.1 Purpose of Guide D 1-1 1.2 Recent developments 1-1 1.3 Contents of Guide D 1-1 1.4 Other sources of information 1-2 References 1-4 Introduction 1-1 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of Guide D As our society rightfully embraces ‘accessibility for all’ principles, the spotlight continues to fall on the lift as a means of meeting some of the key legislative and social The purpose of the CIBSE Guide D: Transportation systems requirements. Chapter 11 has been aligned with the in buildingsis to provide guidance to practitioners involved recently revised British Standard Code of Practice BS in such systems. Guide D should also be of interest to 8300: Design of buildings and their approaches to meet the architects and developers, along with facilities and needs of disabled people(2) and the new management building managers who may not be directly concerned principles set out in BS 9999. with the design and installation of lifts and escalators but need to understand the advice offered to them by specialists. Not least, the Guide should be of value to students embarking on a career in mechanical, electrical 1.3 Contents of Guide D or building services engineering and those already practising in these disciplines who wish to enhance their The design of any lift or escalator system must commence knowledge through a programme of continuing profes - with a consideration of the traffic flows through the sional development. building for which the system is intended. The relevant factors, along with guidance on the location and arrangement of lifts, escalators and moving walks within buildings, are discussed in chapter 2, which considers a 1.2 Recent developments range of building types along with some additional guidance principles for disabled circulation. During recent years we have seen the machine room-less lift (MRL) become firmly established in the global market- The assessment of demand and fundamental principles of place with an ever broadening range of applications, traffic planning and selection of lift equipment are speeds and duty loads. Now, for many buildings, the MRL considered in chapter 3. Guidance tables have been lift is an appropriate provision offering significant benefits updated to align with current thinking, particularly the in terms of reduced space and capital cost. trend towards simulation, and to link with the twelve building types considered in chapters 2 and 5. The Destination control technology (hall call allocation) has mathematics has been minimised by the use of referenced also continued to establish itself in the marketplace, material and additional advice provided on system especially in ‘high-end’ office developments where its response times for office buildings. benefits are typically of most value. This prevalence of destination control systems has in turn catalysed debate Chapter 4 covers advanced planning techniques and the on traffic planning and the need for revised design criteria use of computer simulation. This chapter has been extensively revised to align with current thinking and to acknowledge the characteristics and capabilities of such simplified to remove much of the supporting mathematics systems, see chapters 3 and 4. now referenced elsewhere. The findings of recent surveys into actual passenger demand in buildings are presented The impact of climate change continues to occupy the along with new demand templates for use in computer minds of many and the vertical transportation industry simulations. The value of simulation in assessing potential has continued to develop energy conservation initiatives benefits of modernisation is also discussed. Lift kine- in order to play its part. The use of variable speed systems, matics, supporting chapter 4, is provided in Appendix A2. regenerative drive systems, intelligent control and off- peak dormancy are all becoming more prevalent as Chapter 5 should be considered a pivotal chapter as it developers and clients see tangible benefits and shorter gives a thorough review of 16 types of vertical transporta - payback periods, see chapter 13. The legislative back - tion. This chapter should be the first port of call for new ground to energy conservation has evolved considerably entrants into the industry. It presents an overview of the and will continue to do so if the aggressive targets agreed various types of lifting systems and provides advice on by governments around the world are to be met. planning and design principles. The chapter examines the standard traction drive and hydraulic drive lifts, including The safety of buildings in the event of fire or other machine room-less lifts and the appendix provides potentially catastrophic events has been the subject of a guidance on structural well sizing and links with the 12 major regulatory and standard revision resulting in the building types described in chapters 2 and 3. issue of BS 9999: Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings(1). This standard Firefighting lifts and escape lifts for people with supersedes most of the old BS 5588 family of standards disabilities are particularly important categories. For this consolidating them for the first time into a single reason these are treated separately in chapter 6, which document, see chapter 6. explains the basic requirements for lifts that are intended 1-2 Transportation systems in buildings to be used in fire and emergency situations. This chapter and moving walks is critical to ensure that the safety and has been extensively updated to include the recommen- capital value of these assets are maintained. These dations of the new BS 9999. Comment and guidance is important issues are dealt with in chapter 15. also provided on the use of lifts for general evacuation. The principal components of lifts, including both electric Typically, lift installations require upgrading after 15–20 traction and hydraulic drives, are described in chapter 7. years of service. Chapter 16 has been re-written and It now includes safety devices to deal with uncontrolled examines the reasons for upgrading, which can range from movement away from a landing with the lift doors open. improving the performance in terms of the system’s traffic New sections are also included on inspection controls and handling, ride quality or energy consumption to improv- guarding. ing the safety of the equipment. This chapter also includes easy to read tables for upgrading existing traction and Lift drive and control techniques are considered in hydraulic drive lifts and includes new guidance on chapter 8. It provides an unbiased guide to controls and accessibility and vandal resistance considerations. drives to allow a better understanding for users and specifiers to ensure they select the correct system for their particular application. Comment on programmable It is fortunate that safety rules for the construction and electronic systems in safety related applications for lifts installation of lifts and escalators, specifications, codes of (PESSRAL) is briefly considered. practice, commissioning recommendations and safe working are all covered by an extensive range of British, Lift group traffic control is outlined in chapter 9 and has European and international standards and codes. Chapter undergone some revision for this issue. It provides 17 provides an overview of some of these important guidance on the traffic control of single lifts, and for documents. The chapter is supported by a comprehensive groups of lifts through legacy systems, based on relay and up-to-date (at the time of publication) list of logic, to modern day systems, utilising microcomputers. legislation, standards, codes of practice etc. in Appendix Several case studies support the guidance. A3. This annex also includes a list of interpretations to some of the EN 81 family of standards Chapter 10 discusses escalators and moving walks, including their safety considerations. Escalator applica - tions range from low-rise installations to accommodate a The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations small change in level within a story of a building to long 1994 signalled a clear message to all those working in the travel installations in deep underground stations. The construction industry that safety needed to be improved. updated standard BS EN 115-1(3) and the forthcoming BS Chapter 18 provides a guide to the impact of the 2007 reg- EN 115-2 (prEN 115-2)(4)are also discussed. ulations(8) on lifts and escalators. The CIBSE is indebted to the Lift and Escalator Industry Association (LEIA) for Transportation systems in buildings should provide permission to reproduce its guidance document. independent and equal access for everyone. Chapter 11 has been updated to include recently published standards and Appendix A1 provides an extensive glossary of terms. This provides guidance on the types of disability and design is not limited to the terms used within this Guide but also issues that need to be considered along with the standards includes definitions of many of the terms likely to be and regulations that are applicable. A summary of BS EN 81-70(5) is also presented along with guidance on the encountered when dealing with lift, escalator and moving implications of the new Machinery Directive(6). walk systems. The CIBSE is indebted to GBA Publications for permission to reproduce this valuable glossary. Electrical systems and environmental conditions supplies are discussed in chapter 12. This chapter examines the provision of power supplies for the whole building and Finally, a comprehensive index is provided. guidance on key environment conditions, which should be considered during the design process. Lift, escalator and moving walk energy efficiency and power consumption issues are discussed in chapter 13, 1.4 Other sources of which addresses how energy consumption can be minimised through good design, selection and control of information the transportation equipment. The current work at ISO level is referenced along with guidance on the current requirements of the BREEAM building classification It is hoped that this fourth edition of CIBSE Guide D: system. Transportation systems in buildingswill provide an invaluable reference source for those involved in the design, Chapter 14 offers some guidelines on remote monitoring installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance and remote alarms and suggests ways in which the of transportation systems in buildings. However it cannot resulting data can be used to improve the efficiency of be, and does not claim to be, exhaustive. The various vertical transportation systems and their interface with chapters contain extensive references to other sources of other systems within the building. The British Standard information, particularly British Standards and associated protocol DD 265(7)for lift and rescue centres is described. standards and codes of practice (see Appendix A3), which should be carefully consulted in conjunction with this The proper commissioning, thorough examination, Guide, together with relevant trade and professional inspection and preventive maintenance of lifts escalators publications.