BILHARZIASIS Ciba Foundation Symposia General Volumes Mammalian Germ Cells - - - - - 30s. Preservation and Transplantation of Normal Tissues - - - - - - - - 25s. Leukaemia Research - - - - - - 30s. Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines - - - 42s. Porphyrin Biosynthesis and Metabolism - - 30s. Histamine - - - - - - - - 50s. Extrasensory Perception - - - - 27s. 6d. Bone Structure and Metabolism - - - - 45s. - - Ionizing Radiations and Cell Metabolism 45s. The Nature ofviruses- - - - - - 42s. Chemistry and Biology of Purines - - - 48s. Drug Resistance in Micro-organisms - - - 50s. The Cerebrospinal Fluid - - - - - 50s. Amino Acids and Peptides with Antimetabolic Activity - - - - - - - - 45s. Medical Biology and Etruscan Origins- - - 45s. Biosynthesis of Terpenes and Sterols - - - 45s. Biochemistry of Human Genetics - - - 50s. Significant Trends in Medical Research - - 50s. Haemopoiesis: Cell Production and its Regulation 60s. Quinones in Electron Transport - - - - 60s. The NatureofSleep - - - - - - 50s. Somatic Stability in the Newly Born - - - 50s. Renal Biopsy- - - - - - - - 602. Enzymesand Drug Action - - - - - 65s. Tumour Viruses of Murine Origin - - - 60s. ThFeu nEcxtoiocnrisn e- Pan-c reas-: No-r mal- and -A bn-o rma-l 55s. Pulmonary Structure and Function - - - 54s. Transplantation - - - - - - - 56s. A leaflet giving details of the Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Endocrinology, Colloquia on Ageing and Study Group volumes is available from the Publishers Theodor Maxirnilian Bilharz, 1825-1862 Reproduced by kind permission of Frl. Morgorethe Bilhorz Ciba Foundation BILHARZIASIS Symposium Held in Theodor Maximilian Commemoration of BILHARZ Edited by G. E. W. WOLSTENHOLME, O.B.E. M.A., M.B., M.R.C.P. and MAEVE O’CONNOR, B.A. With 46 illustrations J. & A. CHURCHILL LTD. 104 GLOUCESTER PLACE LONDON, W.1. 1962 ALL RIGHTSR ESERVED This book is protected under the Berne Convention. It may not be reproduced by any means, in whole or in part, without permission. Application with regard to reproduction should be addressed to the Publishers. Printed in Great Britain THEC iba Foundation, a unique international institution, owes its inception to the generosity of CIBA Limited, Basle. However, being established under British trust law, it enjoys complete independence in practice and policy. Under the guidance of its distinguished Trustees, the Founda- tion offers accommodation to scientists from all over the world at its home in Portland Place. Foremost in its activities is the organization of small conferences, the proceedings of which are published in book form in the manner of the present volume. The Foundation convenes many other informal discussions between research workers of different disciplines and different nationalities and each year invites an outstanding authority to deliver a special lecture. An exchange programme between French and British postgraduates is conducted and a library service is available. Furthermore, the Ciba Foundation attempts as far as it can to aid individual scientists, whether they be Nobel Laureates or young graduates making their first original contribution to research. The purpose of the Ciba Foundation, which is to promote international co-operation in medical and chemical research, is symbolized in the armorial bearings by five interlaced rings representing the continents, a black sacrificial cock (emblem of Aesculapius) holding a medical caduceus, and three regular hexagons for chemistry. Its domicile in London is indicated by the red sword of St. Paul and the British lion; the wyvern and the crozier, symbols associated with Basle, refer to the sponsoring firm located in ths ancient Swiss town. .. The Ciba Foundation for the Promotion of International Co-operation in Medical and Chemical Research 41 Portland Place, London, W.l Trustees The Rt. Hon, Lord Adrian, O.M., F.R.S. The Rt. Hon, Lord Beveridge. K.C.B., F.B.A. The Rt. Hon, Lord Brain, LL.D., D.C.L. The Hon. Sir George Lloyd-Jacob Sir Raymond Needham, Q.C., F.S.A. Executive Lord Brain, Chairman Council Dr. F. Gross Professor A. Haddow, F.R.S. Sir Arthur Vere Harvey, C.B.E., M.P. Sir George Lloyd-Jacob Professor F. G. Young, F.R.S. Director 81 Secretary to the Executive Council Dr. G. E. W, Wolstenholme, O.B.E. Deputy Director Mr. A. V. S. de Reuck, M.Sc. Assistant Secretary Miss Nadia Bland Scientific Assistant & Librarian Miss M. P. Cameron, M.A. Editorial Miss Maeve OConnor. B.A. Assistants Miss Julie Knight, B.A. Conference Assistant Mrs. Nancy G. Spufford WHILEth e Ciba Foundation’s house in London was closed for reconstruction between August 1961 and November 1962, the opportunity was taken to hold several conferences elsewhere in London and overseas. In all the multitude of subjects discussed under the auspices of the Ciba Foundation since 1949, little or no attention had been paid to tropical or parasitic diseases. Bilhar- ziasis was obviously a world-wide problem calling for inter- national co-operation in medical research, as had been fdy recognized by the World Health Organization, and its con- sequences and implications were probably most serious in the United Arab Republic. Egypt offered a convenient meeting place for East and West, and the Director’s proposal for a small international conference there met with an immediate welcome and the utmost co-operation from Government, academic and professional circles. Active research workers in many countries ready accepted invitations to join a small group in Cairo for thorough discussion of modern aspects of research on bilharziasis, and the spirit of collaboration in the event must be evident to any reader of this volume of the proceedings. The promise of immediate responsiveness by United Arab Republic representatives was more than fulfilled at the time of the symposium. The official patronage, splendid hospitality and personal interest of H. E. Dr. Mohamed El-Nabawy El-Mohan- des, Minister of Public Health, and of the Under Secretary of State, Dr. Hussein Betash; the fraternal cordiality and practical assistance of the Egyptian Medical Association, mady in the persons of its President, Professor Soliman Azmy, and its Secre- tary, Professor Aly Hussein Shaaban; the powerful support and friendliness of Professor A. El Mofty; the diligent and devoted attention to our detailed requirements by members of the host Vii ... vll1 PREFACE committee and especially by the late Dr. G. Hanna, Dr. Atia G. Choucry, and Dr. Salah Shabander; the admirable and willing service provided by the manager of Mena House Hotel and his staff; the friendly warmth of all members from Cairo and Alexandria and their colleagues towards those coming from other countries; all these and much else, including the lovely climate and the superb inspiration of ancient Egypt, contributed to the relaxed purposefulness of the discussions. The factor of most far-reaching significance was, however, the wise and efficient organization of our Chairman, Professor Ahmed Hafez Mousa, and his warm-hearted, knowledgeable and productive direction of the conference. In the preliminary stages in England, Dr. Christopher Wright provided much useful information, and it is a pleasure to record here our warm appreciation of his interest and helpfulness. At the conference, the Director of the Foundation was assisted by Mr. de Reuck, Miss Maeve O’Connor and Mrs. N. G. Spufford; and it is Miss O’Connor who, with characteristic understanding and persistence, has prepared the papers and discussions for publication. Those concerned will long remember the privilege of learning at first hand somethmg of the human problems and historic glories of Egypt. They will be thankful if the symposium and its publication contribute in any way to the relief of national and personal suffering from bilharziasis in Africa, South America, China, Japan and other afflicted areas. It is hoped particularly that some reward may come to the dedicated workers in the U.A.R. from this book, which is offered in humble and admiring commemoration of the centenary of the death of Theodor Maximilian Bilharz. Contents Page A. H. Mousa Openlng address by the Chairman: Bilharziasis as a national health problem in the United Arab Re- . . . . . . . . public 1 G. Webbe Population studies of intermediate hosts in relation to transmission of bilharziasis in East Africa . 7 F. S. Barbosa Aspects of the ecology of the intermediate hosts of Schistosomo monsoni interfering with the trans- . mission of bilharziasis in north-eastern Brazil 2.3 N. G. Hairston Population ecology and epidemiological problems 36 Discussion Abdolloh, Ayod, Borboso, Elsdon-Dew, El Gozoyerli, El-Gindy, Hoirston, El Halawoni, El Mofty, Mouso, Nogaty, Nelson, Perlowogoro-Szumlewicz, Salem, Smithers, Webbe, Wright . . . . . 63 M. S. El-Gindy The variability in morphology and anatomy of the M. Z. Rushdi bulinid snails in Egypt, with special reference to . their transmission of Schistosomo hoemotobium 81 C. A. Wright The significance of infra-specific taxonomy in bil- . . . . . . . . harziasis lq3 Discussion Ayod, Borboso, DeWitt, El-Gindy, Hairston. El Holo- woni, Moo, Nagaty, Nelson, Perlowogoro-Szumlewicz, . . . . . Smithers, Webbe, Wright 120 G. S. Nelson The r81e of animals as reservoirs of bilharziasis in . . . . . . . . C. Teesdale Africa 121 R. 8. Highton Discussion Barbosa, El Gozoyerli, El-Gindy, Moo, Nelson, New- . . . . . . . some, Pitchford 149 General Ayod, El Gazoyerli, El-Gindy, El Holowoni, Mouso, . . Discussion Nogoty, Nelson, Newsome, Smithers, Wright 153 W. B. DeWitt Some nutritional aspects of bilharziasis . . 157 Discussion Abdolloh, DeWitt, El Holowoni, Mouso, Newsome, . . . . . . . . Stonden 169 ix