Christianity, Latinity, and Culture Studies in the History of Christian Traditions General Editor Robert J. Bast Knoxville, Tennessee In cooperation with Paul C.H. Lim, Nashville, Tennessee Eric Saak, Liverpool Christine Shepardson, Knoxville, Tennessee Brian Tierney, Ithaca, New York Arjo Vanderjagt, Groningen John Van Engen, Notre Dame, Indiana Founding Editor Heiko A. Oberman† VOLUME 172 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/shct Christianity, Latinity, and Culture Two Studies on Lorenzo Valla By Salvatore I. Camporeale, O.P. Translated by Patrick Baker Edited by Patrick Baker Christopher S. Celenza With Lorenzo Valla’s Encomium of Saint Thomas Aquinas Edited and translated by Patrick Baker LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 Cover illustration: Detail of Filippino Lippi (ca. 1457-1504), Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas over the Heretics, fresco, 1489-1492 (Cappella Carafa, Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome), depicting the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in front of the Lateran (courtesy of Scala Archives). This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1573-5664 ISBN 978-90-04-26196-9 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26197-6 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> <UN> The editors dedicate this posthumous volume to the memory of Salvatore I. Camporeale <UN> <UN> <UN> <UN> CONTENTS List of Illustrations ...................................................................................................xi Note on the Translation .......................................................................................xiii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................xv Introduction: Salvatore Camporeale and Lorenzo Valla .................................1  Christopher S. Celenza Lorenzo Valla and the De falso credita donatione: Rhetoric,  Freedom, and Ecclesiology in the Fifteenth Century...............................17  Salvatore I. Camporeale 1  Introduction to a Reinterpretation of the De falso credita donatione ..........................................................................................19 2 Causa veritatis: From the Exordium to the Peroration .......................28 3 The Antinomy of imperium and evangelium ........................................37 4  Section I of the Oration and Parallel Passages in Valla’s Works ..................................................................................................54 5 The Body of the Oration: From Section III to Section VI ...................57 6  Section IV: From the Constitutum Constantini to the Legenda Silvestri ...........................................................................................73 6.1 The Constitutum ..................................................................................76 6.2 The Legenda Silvestri ..........................................................................84 7  Section V: From the Pactum Hludovicianum to the respublica romana; Valla’s Anti-Caesarism in Opposition to Augustine .................................................................................................101 7.1  The Hludovicianum and the “Transfer of the Empire” (translatio imperii) ............................................................................102 7.2  From imperium to respublica: The “Second Part” of Section V ..............................................................................................109 7.3  From Valla to Augustine: The Critique of the City of God ...........................................................................................112 8  Epilogue: Valla’s Defense of the Oration in his Letters to Cardinals Trevisan and Landriani ..........................................................134 <UN> <UN> viii contents Lorenzo Valla between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance:  The Encomium of St. Thomas – 1457 ............................................................145  Salvatore I. Camporeale 1 At the Origins of Neo-Thomism in the Fifteenth Century ..............145 1.1  The Literary Encomium and the Iconographic “Triumph” of St. Thomas Aquinas in the Dominican Tradition.............................................................................................145 1.2  The History of Thomism and the Centrality of the Summa Theologiae in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries ............................................................................................149 1.3  Valla’s Encomium: Its Place in History and Cultural Significance .......................................................................................154 1.4  The Cappellone degli Spagnoli in Florence (Second Half of the Fourteenth Century) and the Cappella Carafa in Rome (End of the Fifteenth Century) ........................................156 2 Encomium of St. Thomas ...........................................................................164 2.1 Exordium and Divine Invocation ................................................165 2.2  The narratio and the Liturgical Celebration of the Saint .....................................................................................................166 2.3 P robatio and refutatio, the Central Section of the Encomium ..........................................................................................170 2.4 Knowledge, the Second Thematic Unit .....................................173 2.5  Valla’s Critique of Scholasticism and the Controversy between Thomism and Anti-Thomism in the Fifteenth Century.............................................................................175 2.6  The Stylistic Qualities of Thomas’s Writings and the Canons of Latin Rhetoric ...............................................178 2.7  The Critique of Scholastic Speculation and the Humanist Refounding of Theological Study ............................182 2.8  Philosophy as an “Impediment” to Authentic Christian Thought and the Distinction/Opposition between Patristic Theology and Scholasticism .........................................184 2.9  The Reduction of Philosophy to Rhetoric and Valla’s Quintilianism .......................................................................186 2.10  The Linguistic-Semantic Critique of Scholasticism and the Interrelation between Greek and Latin ..............................192 2.11  Peroration and Closing of the Encomium ..................................196 <UN> <UN> contents ix 3 The Aporias of Scholasticism ..................................................................203 3.1 Philosophy/Theology ......................................................................203 3.2 Dialectic/Rhetoric ............................................................................234 4  Rhetoric as a Mode of Theologizing: The Humanist Solution to the Problem ............................................................................................254 4.1  The proemium to Book IV of the Elegantiae ..............................255 4.2  The Letter to Eustochium and Jerome’s Dream .........................257 4.3  The Mechanical Arts, the Liberal Arts, and the Christian Religion .............................................................................263 4.4  The Opposition between Philosophical Theology and Rhetorical Theology, and the Critical Reduction of the Vulgate to the Greek Truth (veritas graeca)...............................276 4.5  The Preface to Thucydides’ History, Nicholas V’s Literary Project, and the Question of “Translation” ................281 4.6  The Arts and Sciences as a Middle Ground (medietas)..........287 4.7  Erasmus’s Humanism from the Antibarbari to the Life of Jerome ......................................................................................291 Lorenzo Valla, Encomium of St. Thomas Aquinas .........................................297  Patrick Baker (ed. and tr.) Bibliography ...........................................................................................................317 Index .........................................................................................................................331 <UN> <UN> <UN> <UN>