Christian-Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History History of Christian-Muslim Relations Editorial Board David Thomas, University of Birmingham Sandra Toenies Keating, Providence College Tarif Khalidi, American University of Beirut Suleiman Mourad, Smith College Gabriel Said Reynolds, University of Notre Dame Mark Swanson, Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago Volume 24 Christians and Muslims have been involved in exchanges over matters of faith and morality since the founding of Islam. Attitudes between the faiths today are deeply coloured by the legacy of past encounters, and often preserve centuries-old negative views. The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, Texts and Studies presents the surviving record of past encounters in authoritative, fully introduced text editions and annotated translations, and also monograph and collected studies. It illustrates the development in mutual perceptions as these are contained in surviving Christian and Muslim writings, and makes available the arguments and rhetorical strategies that, for good or for ill, have left their mark on attitudes today. The series casts light on a history marked by intellectual creativity and occasional breakthroughs in communication, although, on the whole beset by misunderstanding and misrepresentation. By making this history better known, the series seeks to contribute to improved recognition between Christians and Muslims in the future. The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hcmr Christian-Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History Volume 7. Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500-1600) Edited by David Thomas and John Chesworth with John Azumah, Stanisław Grodź, Andrew Newman, Douglas Pratt LEIDEN • BoSToN 2015 Cover illustration: This shows the tuğra (monogram) of the ottoman Sultan Murad III, affixed to a letter sent in 1591 to Sigismund III Vasa, king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the letter, Murad recommends – he neither orders nor requests – that the Tatars in the Christian Commonwealth should be allowed to build mosques and pray. The original letter is held in the Central Archives of Historical Records (Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych), Warsaw, Dział turecki, karton 71, teczka 269, no. 500. Reproduced with permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Christian Muslim relations : a bibliographical history / edited by David Thomas and John Chesworth; with John Azumah . . . [et al.].   p. cm. — (The history of Christian-Muslim relations, ISSN 1570-7350 ; v. 24)  Includes index.  ISBN 978-90-04-29720-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Christianity and other religions— Islam. 2. Islam—Relations—Christianity. 3. Christianity and other religions—Islam— Bibliography. 4. Islam—Relations—Christianity—Bibliography. I. Thomas, David. II. Chesworth, John III. Azumah, John. IV. Title. V. Series.  BP172.C4196 2009  016.2612’7—dc22 2009029184 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.coml/brill-typeface. ISSN 1570-7350 ISBN 978-90-04-29720-3 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-29848-4 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CoNTENTS Foreword  ....................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations  ............................................................................................... xi Martha Frederiks, Introduction: Christians, Muslims and empires in the 16th century  .................................................................................... 1 Alan Guenther, The arrival of European Christians in India during the 16th century  .......................................................................................... 15 Works on Christian-Muslim relations 1500-1600  ................................ 27 Central and Eastern Europe  ..................................................................... 29 Middle East and North Africa  .................................................................. 549 Asia, Africa and South America ............................................................... 743 Index of Names  ............................................................................................ 933 Index of Titles  ............................................................................................... 946 FoREWoRD David Thomas This volume of Christian-Muslim relations. A bibliographical history (CMR 7) continues the history of relations between Christians and Muslims according to the original sources in the period 1500-1600. CMR 7 focuses on works from Eastern Europe, the ottoman Empire and the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia and the Americas. It shows that many of the attitudes and prejudices known from the Middle Ages were still current, among them on the Christian side the sense that Muslims had been misled by a false prophet and were morally directionless, and on the Muslim side that Christians had abandoned the bases of their faith and needed guidance in their beliefs. At the same time, new fears were also evident as a result of open confrontation between powers that called themselves Christian and Muslim, sometimes balanced by admiration. In eastern and south-eastern Europe Christians looked on the advancing ottomans as heartless aggressors who treated them with depraved cruelty, and reneged on promises they had made, though Christian authors also commented on the discipline among ottoman troops and their efficiency in the field; in western India Muslims looked on the Portuguese invaders as virtual animals who subjected their women to rape and their sacred buildings and texts to desecration, though the Mughal emperor sought out Jesuits for their erudition and godliness. While Christians and Muslims encountered one another in new regions of the world, their uncertainties about one another were slow to change. The intention of the CMR series is to provide full accounts of all the known works written by Christians and Muslims about one another and against one another. These are intended as a foundation for more detailed investigations in historical and current contexts. As in earlier volumes, the editors have been generously assisted by both new and established scholars to produce a collection of entries that reflect the latest research, and in some instances take it forward and extend it beyond what was previously known. Like its predecessors, CMR 7 starts with introductory essays that survey the political and religious situation in the world of the 16th century outside Western Europe. Following these come the entries that make up the bulk of the volume. The basic criterion has been to choose works written viii FOREWORD substantially about or against the other faith, or containing significant information or judgements that cast light on attitudes of one faith towards the other. Thus, by their very nature, apologetic and polemical works are included, while letters, addresses, plays and works of travel and history also frequently qualify. Everything has been included that is thought to contribute in a significant way towards building the picture of the one faith as seen by followers of the other, and of attitudes between them. This principle criterion is easily applicable in many cases, but it proves difficult in a significant minority of instances. An inclusive approach has therefore been adopted, especially with respect to works that may contain only small though insightful details or only appear to touch obliquely on relations. Another criterion is that inclusion of works within this volume, like its predecessors, was decided according to the date of their author’s death, not the date when the works themselves appeared. The adoption of this approach has led to evident anomalies at either end, where authors were mainly or almost entirely active in one century but have died at the beginning of the next. If this seems arbitrary, it is balanced by the consideration that any other criterion would also be likely to involve decisions that could just as easily be disputed. Each entry is divided into two main parts. The first is concerned with the author, and it contains basic biographical details, an account of his (all authors appearing in this volume are male) main intellectual activities and writings, the major primary sources of information about him, and the latest scholarly works about him. A small number of entries are concerned with a group of authors, in which case they are situated in their place and time as appropriate. Without aiming to be exhaustive, this section contains sufficient information for readers to pursue further details about each author and his general activities. The second part of the entry is concerned with the works of the author that are specifically devoted to the other faith. Here completeness is the aim. A work is named and dated (where possible), and then in two important sections its contents are described and its significance in the history of Christian-Muslim relations is appraised. There follow sections listing publication details and studies, intended to be completely up to date at the time of going to press. With this coverage, CMR 7 should provide sufficient information to enable a work to be identified, its importance appreciated, and editions and studies located. Each work is also placed as far as is possible together with other works from the same time written in the same region, though FOREWORD ix this grouping should be regarded more as a matter of convenience than as anything else. Proximity between works in the bibliography is definitely not an indication of any necessary direct relationship between them, let alone influence (though this may sometimes be discernible). In this period, it is as likely that an author would be influenced by a work written hundreds of miles away or hundreds of years before as by another from his immediate locality or time. The composition of CMR 7 has involved more than a hundred contributors, who have readily and often enthusiastically agreed to write entries. Under the direction of David Thomas, the work for this volume was led by John Chesworth (Research officer), Lejla Demiri and Claire Norton (ottoman Empire), Martha Frederiks (West Africa), Abdulkadir Hashim (East Africa), Stanisław Grodź (Eastern Europe), Alan Guenther and Gordon Nickel (South Asia), Şevket Küçükhüseyin (Germany), Emma Loghin (Project Secretary), Andrew Newman (Persia), Peter Riddell (South East Asia), Umar Ryad (Muslim Arabic works), Serge Traore (South America), and Carsten Walbiner (Christian Arabic works). These are members of a much larger team that comprises 25 specialists in total, covering all parts of the world. Many other scholars from various countries devoted their interest, energy and time to identifying relevant material in their specialist areas, finding contributors and sharing their expertise. Without their help and interest, the task of assembling the material in this volume would have been much more difficult, if possible at all. Among many others, special gratitude goes to Attila Barany (Hungary), Peter Cowe (Armenia), Ioana Feodorov (Romania), Festo Mkenda (East Africa), Dino Mujadzevic (Croatia), Radu Păun (Romania), Vlado Rezar (Croatia), and Denis Savelyev (Russia). In addition, Carol Rowe copy edited the entire volume, while Alex Mallett took on the exacting work of compiling the two indexes, and also provided links with the staff editors at Brill. The CMR team are deeply indebted to everyone who has contributed in any way. The project is funded by a grant made by the Arts and Humanities Research Council of Great Britain, and this is acknowledged with gratitude. Strenuous efforts have been made to ensure that information is both accurate and complete, though in a project that crosses as many geographical as disciplinary boundaries as this it would be not only presumptuous but also entirely unrealistic to claim that these efforts have succeeded. Details (hopefully only minor) must have been overlooked, authors and works have maybe been ignored, new works will have come x FOREWORD to light, new editions, translations and studies will have appeared, and new dates and interpretations put forward. Corrections, additions and updates are therefore warmly invited. They will be incorporated into the online version of CMR, and into any future editions. Please send details of these to David Thomas at [email protected].