Christian Arabic Versions of Daniel Biblia Arabica Editorial Board Camilla Adang (Tel Aviv University) Juan Pedro Monferrer Sala (Universidad de Córdoba) Meira Polliack (Tel Aviv University) Sabine Schmidtke (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) Alexander Treiger (Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada) Ronny Vollandt (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich) VOLUME 4 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/biar Christian Arabic Versions of Daniel A Comparative Study of Early MSS and Translation Techniques in MSS Sinai Ar. 1 and 2 By Miriam L. Hjälm LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: MS Sinai Ar. 1, fol. 29b © St. Catherine’s Monastery. Photograph by Father Justin, courtesy of Father Justin. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hjalm, Miriam L., author. Title: Christian Arabic versions of Daniel : a comparative study of early MSS and translation techniques in MSS Sinai Ar. 1 and 2 / by Miriam L. Hjalm. Description: Boston : Brill, 2016. | Series: Biblia Arabica, ISSN 2213-6401; Volume 4 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016002784 (print) | LCCN 2016011359 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004309289 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004311152 (E-book) Subjects: LCSH: Bible. Daniel Arabic—Versions. | Bible. Daniel—Translating. | Manuscripts, Arabic. | Saint Catherine (Monastery: Mount Sinai). Manuscript. Arabic 1–2. | Bible. Daniel—Criticism, interpretation, etc. Classification: LCC BS1555.52.H53 2016 (print) | LCC BS1555.52 (ebook) | DDC 224/.5046—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016002784 Want or need Open Access? Brill Open offers you the choice to make your research freely accessible online in exchange for a publication charge. Review your various options on brill.com/brill-open. Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2213-6401 isbn 978-90-04-30928-9 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-31115-2 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. To my parents ∵ Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xix List of Illustrations xxi Abbreviations and Text Critical Symbols xxii PART 1 1 Texts and Contexts: The Linguistic Settings of Near Eastern Christian Communities 3 1.1 Near Eastern Christian Communities: A Background 3 1.2 Traditional Liturgical Languages and Arabic Translations 9 2 Previous Research 23 3 Description of the Early Manuscripts 50 3.1 Canonical Composition and Liturgical Books 50 3.2 Classification 55 3.2.1 ArabSyr1* 56 3.2.2 ArabHebr1 62 3.2.3 The Prophetologion 63 3.2.4 ArabSyr2 65 3.2.5 ArabSyr3 66 3.3 The Song of the Three Young Men 71 3.4 Physical Description and Content 73 3.4.1 MS Sinai Arabic 1 74 3.4.2 MS Sinai Arabic 2 77 3.4.3 MS Sinai Arabic 513 80 3.4.4 MS Sinai Arabic 597 84 3.4.5 MS Oxford, Bodl., Fraser (Or.) 257 86 3.5 Vorlage Dependence 88 3.5.1 The Textual Identity of Daniel in MS Sinai Arabic 1 91 3.5.2 The Textual Identity of Daniel in MS Sinai Arabic 2 92 viii contents PART 2 4 The Bible in Translations 109 4.1 Method and Principles of the Present Work 114 4.1.1 The Arabic Texts and Their Vorlagen 120 4.1.2 Linguistic Register of the Arabic Texts 121 4.1.3 Transliteration and Translation Principles 122 5 Textual Additions 124 5.1 Semantic Additions 126 5.1.1 Cultural-Logical Adjusters 128 5.1.2 Referential Links 131 5.1.3 Temporal Links 136 5.1.4 Repeated Information 140 5.1.5 Explicative Additions 143 5.1.6 Specifications and Dramatic Elements 146 5.2 Syntactic Additions 151 5.2.1 Grammatical Complements 152 5.2.2 Resumable Additions 160 5.3 Summary of Textual Additions 162 6 Textual Omissions 164 6.1 Repeated Information 165 6.1.1 Omission and Abbreviation of Repeated Information 166 6.1.2 Paraphrasing of Repeated Information 178 6.2 Inferable Information 181 6.2.1 Omission of Clause Constituents 182 6.2.2 Substitution by Suffixed Pronouns 191 6.3 Inessential Information 196 6.3.1 Construct Chains 197 6.3.2 Similar Information 198 6.3.3 Omission in Lists 202 6.4 Specifications and Dramatic Elements 205 6.5 Miscellaneous Material 208 6.6 Summary of Textual Omissions 212 7 Textual Substitutions 215 7.1 Extra-Textual Adjusters 217 7.1.1 Extra-Textual Sources 218 7.1.2 Material Relating to the Godhead 223 7.2 Idiomatic Expressions 229 contents ix 7.3 Paraphrastic Substitutions 233 7.4 Summary of Textual Substitutions 236 8 Lexicon 238 8.1 Sound-similar Roots 239 8.2 Transliteration 242 8.3 Lexical Consistency 244 8.4 Paraphrase 247 8.4.1 Adaptations and Concretization 248 8.4.2 Metonyms 250 8.5 Islamic Vocabulary 251 8.6 Alternate Renderings 254 8.6.1 Complementing Renderings 256 8.6.2 Synonymous Renderings 258 8.7 Proper Names 259 8.7.1 Arabicized Forms 260 8.7.2 Christianized Forms 264 8.7.3 Transliterated Forms 266 8.7.4 Names of God 268 8.7.5 Spelling Preferences 270 8.8 Summary of Lexicon 272 9 Syntax 275 9.1 Word Order 277 9.1.1 ST: Subject Verb (SV)—TT: Verb Subject (VS) 278 9.1.2 TT: Subject Verb (SV) 280 9.1.3 ST: Object Verb (OV)—TT: Verb Object (VO) 282 9.1.4 TT: Object Verb (OV) 284 9.1.5 ST: Indirect Object (iO) Preceded by lǝ 286 9.1.6 ST: Adverbial Verb—TT: Verb Adverbial 288 9.2 Clause Linkage 289 9.2.1 ST: Clauses Linked by wǝ/way 290 9.2.2 Asyndetic Clause—Syndetic Clause 297 9.2.3 ST: Temporal Adverbials and Concessive Conjunctions 300 9.2.4 Attributive Relative Clauses 306 9.2.5 Complement Clauses 310 9.2.6 Adverbial Clauses 313 9.2.7 Conditional Clauses 322 9.3 Impersonal Actions 327 9.4 Infinitive Constructs 332 9.5 Negations 336