Mark Greengrass CHRISTENDOM DESTROYED Europe 1517–1648 Contents List of Maps List of Illustrations List of Genealogies Introduction 1. The Fall of Western Christendom From The ‘Silver Age’ to the ‘Iron Century’ 2. Human Replenishment 3. Urban and Rural Worlds 4. Treasure and Transaction 5. Noble Pursuits Grasping the World 6. Europe in the World 7. Earth and Heavens Observed 8. Being in Touch Christendom Afflicted 9. Politics and Empire in the Age of Charles V 10. Schism 11. Reaction, Repression, Reform Christian Commonwealths in Contention 12. Conflicts in the Name of God 13. Living with Religious Divisions 14. Churches and the World 15. The Waning of Crusade Christian States in Disarray 16. The Business of States 17. States in Confrontation 18. War at Large 19. Times of Troubles to the East and West Conclusion: Europe’s Paroxysm Illustrations Further Reading Acknowledgements Follow Penguin For Emily THE PENGUIN HISTORY OF EUROPE General Editor: David Cannadine I: SIMON PRICE AND PETER THONEMANN The Birth of Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine* II: CHRIS WICKHAM The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000* III: WILLIAM JORDAN: Europe in the High Middle Ages* IV: ANTHONY GRAFTON Renaissance Europe V: MARK GREENGRASS Christendom Destroyed: The History of Europe, 1517–1648* VI: TIM BLANNING The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 1648–1815* VII: RICHARD J. EVANS The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914 VIII: IAN KERSHAW To Hell and Back: Europe in the Twentieth Century List of Maps 1. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation in Europe, c. 1570 2. Habsburg Europe in the Later Sixteenth Century 3. The Thirty Years War in German Lands 4. Europe’s Frontiers in 1648 List of Illustrations 1. Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Close of the Silver Age, c. 1530. National Gallery, London (photograph: Scala, Florence) 2. Johannes Bucius Aenicola, ‘Europe as a Queen’, illustration from Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia, 1570 3. Thomas Cockson, The Revells of Christendome, c. 1609 (photograph: private collection/The Bridgeman Art Library) 4. Annibale Carracci, The Bean Eater, c. 1580/90. Galleria Colonna, Rome (photograph: De Agostini/Bridgeman Art Library) 5. Isaac Claesz Swan, Spinning and Weaving Wool, c. 1600. Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal, Leiden (photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing) 6. Georg Hoefnagel, map showing Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria, illustration from Braun and Hogenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1618 7. Hans von Hemssen, The Audience Chamber of the Rathaus at Lübeck, 1625. St Annen- Museum, Lübeck (copyright © St Annen-Museum/Fotoarchiv der Hansestadt Lübeck) 8. Théodore de Bry after Jacque Le Moyne, illustration showing llamas carrying silver from the mines of Potosí, from Americae, 1602 (photograph: Getty Images) 9. Théodore de Bry after Jacque Le Moyne, illustration showing a scene of cannibalism, from Americae, 1592. Service Historique de la Marine, Vincennes (photograph: Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library) 10. Japanese School, detail showing the unloading of merchandise, from a Namban Byobu screen depicting the arrival of the Portuguese in Japan, 1594–1618. Museu Nacional de Soares dos Reis, Porto (photograph: Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library) 11. Bernardino de Sahagún, illustration of a domestic pagan ritual with the devil, from Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España, sixteenth century. Facsimile in the Biblioteca Manuel Gamio Inah Museo del Templo Mayor, Mexico City (photograph: De Agostini Picture Library/The Bridgeman Art Library) 12. Bonaventura Peeters the Elder, The Port of Archangel, 1644 (copyright © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London) 13. Plates 113 and 136 from Matthäus Schwarz, The Book of Clothes (Die Schwarzschen Trachtenbücher), sixteenth century. Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum Braunschweig, Kunstmuseum des Landes Niedersachsen (photographs: Museumsfotograf) 14. Heinrich Vogtherr the Elder, Anatomy, or, a Faithful Reproduction of the Body of a Female, 1544. Boston Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine (ff QM33.A16) 15. Frontispiece from Jan van der Straet (Stradanus), Nova Reperta, c. 1599–1603 (photograph: Namur Archive, London/Scala, Florence) 16. Johannes Hevelius, ‘Observations of Sunspots, May 1644’, illustration from Selenographia, 1647 (photograph: Universal History Archive/UIG/The Bridgeman Art Library) 17. Lavinia Fontana, Antonietta Gonzales, c. 1583. Musee du Château, Blois (photograph: Bonhams, London/The Bridgeman Art Library) 18. Adriaen van Stalbemt, The Sciences and the Arts, early seventeenth century. Museu Nacional del Prado, Madrid (photograph: Scala, Florence/BPK, Bildagentur für Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin) 19. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Martin Luther and his wife Catherine von Bora, 1529. Florence, Galleria degli Uffizi (photograph: Scala, Florence, courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali) 20. Anon, The Pope and the Devil, c. 1600. Museum Caharijneconvent, Utrecht (photograph: akg-images) 21. Klaus Hottinger and helpers take down the Crucifix at Stadelhofen, illustration from Heinrich Bullinger, Reformationsgeschichte, 1605–6. Zentralbibliothek, Zürich (MS B 316 fol 99r) 22. The Massacre of Sens, 12th April 1562, print published by Jean Perissin and Jacques Tortorel, 1570. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (photograph: Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library) 23. Anti-Turkish pamphlet published by a follower of Martin Luther in Wittenberg, 1664. Staats- und Stadtbibliothek, Augsburg (4 Gs 2359 -237) 24. Pierre Dan conversing with a Turk or Berber, illustration from Pierre Dan, Histoire de Barbarie et de ses Corsaires, 1637. Private collection (photograph: The Bridgeman Art Library) 25. Anon., The Battle of Lepanto, 1571, late sixteenth century (copyright © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London) 26. Marco Vecellio, The Peace of Bologna, sixteenth century. Sala del Consiglio dei Dieci, Doge’s Palace, Venice (photograph: Cameraphoto/Scala, Florence) 27. Italian school, Discussion of the Reform of the Calendar under Pope Gregory XIII, late sixteenth century. Archivio di Stato, Siena (photograph: Roger-Viollet, Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library) 28. Pompeo Leoni, Philip II of Spain, c. 1580 (silver head mounted on a terracotta bust by Balthasar Ferdinand Moll, 1753). Kunstkammer, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (Inv.-Nr. KK_3412) 29. Touissant Dubreuil (attr.), Henry IV of France as Hercules Crushing the Hydra, c. 1600 (copyright © RMN, Paris – Grand Palais (Musée du Louvre)/Stéphane Maréchalle) 30. French school, detail from The Procession of the Holy League on the Ile de la Cité, sixteenth century. Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musee Carnavalet, Paris (photograph: Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library) 31. Broadsheet depicting Gustav Adolf of Sweden, 1630. Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig (PRollos AB 3.4) 32. Anon., Lennart Torstenson, 1648 (copyright © Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Inventory No. NMGrh 1949) 33. Sebastian Vrancx, Pillage of a Village, 1640. Musée du Louvre, Paris (photograph: akg- images/ Erich Lessing) 34. Leonhard Kern, scene from the Thirty Years War, c. 1656–9. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (Inv. KK 4363) 35. Jean Tassel, Portrait of a Nun (Cathérine de Montholon, founder of the Ursuline order in Dijon), c. 1648. Musée des Beaux-Arts, Dijon (photograph: akg-images/Maurice Babey)