NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNTIL RELEASED BY SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CYBERSECURITY U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES  DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE PRESENTATION TO THE SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CYBERSECURITY UNITED STATES SENATE     SUBJECT: Military Cyber Programs and Posture STATEMENT OF: Major General Chris P. Weggeman Commander, 24th Air Force and Commander, Air Forces Cyber March 13, 2018 NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNTIL RELEASED BY SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CYBERSECURITY U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Introduction Chairman Rounds, Ranking Member Nelson, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today, along with my fellow Service Cyber Component Commanders. I look forward to discussing the Air Force’s significant progress in advancing full-spectrum cyberspace operations and our contributions to joint operations globally. I have the distinct honor to lead the audacious men and women of the 24th Air Force, Air Forces Cyber (AFCYBER), and Joint Forces Headquarters Cyber (JFHQC) Air Force. Our headquarters is located at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas and we have over fifteen thousand Total Force Airmen and civilians on-mission around the world, diligently increasing our capability to deliver full spectrum cyber capabilities and effects in support of the Air Force, the Joint Force, and our Nation. AFCYBER warriors are operating globally as a maneuver and effects force in a contested domain, delivering cyber superiority for our Service and in support of our joint partners. Our forces exist to preserve our freedom of maneuver in, from, and through cyberspace while denying our adversaries the same. Our Command places significant emphasis on operationalizing cyberspace as a warfighting domain across the range of military operations and continues to evolve our tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) to provide ready cyber forces to Combatant and Air Force Commanders across the globe. As Commander, 24th Air Force, I report directly to the Commander of Air Force Space Command and am responsible within the Air Force for classic Title 10 organize, train, and equip 2 functions. 24th Air Force also serves as the Cyber Security Service Provider (CSSP) for our Air Force networks and other designated key cyber terrain. Under the AFCYBER hat, I am the Air Force’s Cyber Component Commander who presents and employs Air Force cyber forces to United States Cyber Command. These ready forces plan and execute all-domain integrated, full- spectrum, cyberspace operations in support of assigned Service and Combatant Command missions. Finally, under my third hat, as Commander, JFHQC Air Force, I lead a United States Cyber Command subordinate headquarters with delegated Operational Control of assigned cyber Combat Mission Forces employed in a general support role to both United States Strategic Command and United States European Command. At 24th AF/AFCYBER, we execute our assigned cyberspace operations missions through six distinct but inter-related lines of effort— Build, Operate, Secure, Defend, Extend, and Engage, or what we refer to as “BOSDEE”. DEFENSE is our #1 Mission In our 24th Air Force and AFCYBER roles, we build, operate, secure, and defend the Air Force networks every day to ensure these networks remain available and secure for assigned missions, functions, and tasks. The broader mission includes base infrastructure, business, and logistics systems, as well as mission and weapon systems; in total, providing on-demand capabilities to approximately one million users worldwide. In 2012, the Air Force CIO designated 24th Air Force as the CSSP for all systems within the Air Force enterprise. In this capacity, we are responsible for protecting, monitoring, analyzing, detecting, and responding to malicious cyber activity across the Air Force network. Our reliance on cyberspace continues to grow and we are still scaling capacity to execute this expansive mission requirement. We are 3 working closely with Headquarters Air Force and Army Research Laboratories to ensure our threat- and risk-driven defensive operations preserve our freedom of maneuver in, from, and through cyberspace while denying our adversaries the same. In 2016, we instituted the Air Force Information Network Defense Campaign Plan and have since made great strides in improving our cybersecurity posture and compliance with both USCYBERCOM orders and industry- recognized cyber hygiene best practices. A major cyberspace security and defense success over the last year has been the employment of the Automated Remediation and Asset Discovery (ARAD) capability suite across the AF enterprise. ARAD is an instantiation of the commercial Tanium product, enabling operators to perform vulnerability management, incident response, system health diagnostics, as well as asset identification and optimization across our AF network in a matter of seconds to minutes vice days to weeks using previous capabilities. In May 2017, at first onset of the WannaCry Ransomware attack, our cyber crews employed ARAD capabilities to quickly identify, prioritize and secure all vulnerable systems across our enterprise terrain within hours; resulting in zero infections on Air Force networks. By contrast, the 2013 Heartbleed virus remediation effort took 8 months to achieve the same results. The demonstrated operational power and potential of ARAD is truly revolutionary, and we are diligently experimenting, evolving, and developing operational employment concepts, use cases, and applications to close key mission-capability gaps in close partnership with the Tanium experts. Cybersecurity in the 21st Century 4 In the contested cyberspace domain, threats are growing rapidly and evolving. Our adversaries are acting with precision and boldness; utilizing cyberspace to attack the United States below the threshold of armed conflict; imposing great costs on our economy, national unity, and military advantage. In this ever-shifting and competitive terrain, we must remain vigilant with cyber hygiene, cyber security, and threat-specific defensive operations in order to compete, deter, and win. The Air Force has invested in the creation, fielding and sustainment of seven cyber weapon systems designed to provide a tiered global defense of the Air Force Information Network. We have also fielded defensive cyber maneuver forces and capabilities to engage threats able to bypass defenses, and offensive cyber forces and capabilities to provide all-domain integrated operational effects to Combatant Commanders. Last year, I discussed three transformational efforts that 24th Air Force, in collaboration with our Service staff and Major Commands, developed and implemented in order to transition our force and Information Technology posture towards a 21st century, Commander and cyberspace operator driven, threat and risk-based mission assurance cyber-ecosystem. These three major efforts include; 1) evolving towards Enterprise Information Technology as a Service (EITaaS), 2) maturing and resourcing our Air Force CIO Cyber Squadron Initiative and inherent Mission Defense Teams, and finally 3) the development and fielding of Air Force Material Command’s Cyber Resiliency of Weapons Systems (CROWS) Office capabilities. These three major endeavors, deliver a coherent approach to cyber security, cyber defense, weapon system 5 resiliency, and the ever critical “every Airmen a sentry” cyber hygiene culture across our Air Force. Over the past year the EITaaS concept has evolved. EITaaS is a network reference architecture designed to smartly divest the costly and manpower intensive network operations, maintenance, and customer-service support demands of our Service’s dated, Information Technology infrastructure via outsourcing basic services to commercial and industry partners. The Chief of Staff of the Air Force has approved this plan of action and requested an accelerated implementation starting in FY18. The Air Force has identified the first seven bases to implement EITaaS to determine the service planning necessary to capture further requirements, learn appropriate command and control and security provisions and transition Airmen from NetOps missions and functions to cyber-based system defense and mission assurance. A companion effort within EITaaS is our on-going Cloud Hosted Enterprise Services (CHES). Cloud Hosted Enterprise Services (CHES), started in 2016, provides collaboration (e- mail, Skype for business, SharePoint) as Software-as-a-Service. It is currently securely hosting over 187,000 user accounts across ten bases. This service delivery model has been praised for improved network performance, reliability and scalability. EITaaS will integrate into on-going Joint Information Environment (JIE). Joint Regional Security Stack (JRSS) migrations and fielding continues in close partnership with the United States Army and the Defense Information Services Agency (DISA). All DoD components will ultimately utilize JRRS. To date, we have successfully migrated four 6 regions, to include roughly four hundred thousand users across 105 locations. While JRSS still requires TTP development and a more mature operational employment framework, this joint, shared security standard provides state of the art cyber security capabilities at our Service (Tier- 2) AFNET gateway boundaries, continuing to add strength to our layered defense. The CMF Cyber Protection Teams (CPTs) and Air Force Mission Defense Teams (MDTs) continue to provide active cyber defense at all echelons of Air Force organizations; delivering enterprise mission assurance in a contested domain even in the presence of a maneuvering enemy. Mission Defense Teams (an on-going “pilot” program across all Major Commands) are small 4-6 person teams; trained, equipped and task-organized to survey, secure, and protect key cyber terrain at wing and below in order to deliver cyber-based mission assurance for unit’s assigned missions and weapon systems. This initiative employs a Commander and mission-driven force employment model. Mission Defense Teams employ cyber security and defense tactics, techniques, and procedures in addition to their own suite of tailored cyber defense sensors and tools to provide active defense at the base level. Since 2016, the Air Force has executed 45 Mission Defense Team “Pathfinder” initiatives across a diverse set of Air Force missions and organizations to test and validate the operational concept and cyber defensive tool-set requirements. These “Pathfinder” units focused on functional mission analysis to identify key-cyber terrain, mission-planning, and network characterization. Leveraging the “Pathfinder” lessons learned, the Air Force is now working to optimize the MDT force construct, training needs, intelligence support requirements, and tool-set. MDT efforts will continue to be synchronized with our CSSP, CPT, and CROWS missions to provide an integrated, layered security and defensive posture for Air Force weapon systems. 7 The third transformational effort is Air Force Materiel Command’s Cyber Resiliency of Weapons Systems, or CROWS office (in response to the 2016 NDAA section 1647 requirement). Their on-going mission is to increase cyber resiliency of Air Force weapon systems across our acquisition and life cycle management processes to maintain mission effective capability under adverse conditions. CROWS has two primary objectives; first, to “bake-in” cybersecurity into developmental and future mission and weapons systems, and second; to employ a prioritized threat- and risk-based, cyber vulnerability assessment of existing systems to best mitigate risk to missions and forces. Based on the NDAA language, the Joint Staff required the Air Force to evaluate 50 legacy weapon systems. To date, the Air Force has begun 23 weapon system evaluations and is on track to complete all 50 by the end of 2019 (deadline set by NDAA.) Their roadmap to cyber resiliency advances from systems assurance to the institutionalization of cyber security, cyber hygiene, and resiliency across all Air Force weapons systems. Their comprehensive strategy includes sustainable and programmable tools, infrastructure, and a skilled cyber workforce of operators, system engineers, and acquisition professionals to deliver end-to-end mission and weapon system cyber security. While still relatively new, the CROWS Cyber Incident Coordination cell has proved invaluable throughout this past year, working in coordination with 24th Air Force, as vulnerabilities have been found in cyber key terrain of mission systems. The office will continue to mature and enhance the cyber security posture of new and existing weapon systems. The combined effects and capabilities of these three major Air Force transformational efforts, plus our ongoing AFCYBER cyber security campaign plan leveraging signals 8 intelligence (SIGINT) and all-source intelligence, industry, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and DISA best practices, provides the Air Force with a full-spectrum, coherent framework for generating threat- and risk-based mission assurance for our networks, infrastructure and mission/weapon systems. This mission assurance strategy is reinforced by an acquisition and life-cycle sustainment enterprise empowered, innovating, and resourced to deliver cyber security and resilience for our Air Force. AF Data Office Data is the digital currency that underpins multi-domain operations, decision-making and command and control. For a Service to be a leader in the application of artificial intelligence to increase warfighting resilience and lethality, it must first be a leader in data. To this end, the Air Force has stood up the Air Force Data Office, and appointed a Chief Data Officer, Maj Gen Kim Crider USAFR. The Air Force is the first Service to create an enterprise level Data Office reporting directly to the Service Secretary. The Air Force Data Office has developed a “VAULT” strategy, centered on ensuring relevant data is—Visible, Accessible, Understandable, Linked, and Trustworthy. They are diligently working on data science application use-cases across a cross-section of Air Force missions and functions to generate both visible quick-wins and a greater understanding of the required enterprise-data architecture and operational employment concepts required to deliver desired outcomes. Data driven multi-domain Command and Control is the path to integrated Joint operations whose operational timing/tempo lives inside our adversaries “OODA” loop, 9 overwhelming their decision cycles, delivering the operational advantage and initiative to our Joint Forces. Cyber Mission Force: Transitioning from Build to Readiness The Air Force is on track to achieve Full Operational Capability (FOC) for all Service CMF teams by the end of FY 2018. As of 1 March 2018, 35 of 39 Cyber Mission Force (CMF) teams have declared FOC, and the four remaining teams are expected to declare FOC by June 2018, 3 months ahead of the deadline. AFCYBER has developed a team-by-team, name-by- name plan that ensures all teams will achieve FOC on time. This significant milestone is due to the years of hard work by the Service and USCYBERCOM, with the support of Congress. While we remain laser-focused on building and delivering our Service teams to FOC, we continue, in earnest, to generate and review team readiness leveraging well-established institutional standards and metrics (Personnel, Training, Equipment and Supply.) We are working with our Service and USCYBERCOM to institutionalize formal CMF Defense Readiness Reporting System (DRRS) definitions, metrics and integration. This will normalize CMF force presentation and force management while generating critical mission capability and capacity gap analysis needed for Commanders to drive force readiness. As Admiral Roger’s stated, “Commissioning a warship – while an important event – does not make that ship mission ready.” Readiness and lethality are paramount. The Air Force continues to work to recruit and retain top talent, develop modularized and agile training, build our own military operations infrastructure, as well as deliver organic combat capabilities to the Joint war fight (these initiatives are discussed below). We have made great strides, but a lot of work still needs to be 10