Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology 9, 2011 © Department of Musicology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland PATRYCJA MADEŁA (Poznań) Chopin and jazz. The case of Andrzej Jagodziński’s arrangement of the Prelude in E minor ABSTRACT: The current of jazz interpretations of Chopin’s music appeared in Polish jazz in the early 1990s. On the one hand, it is the most original and native stylistic trend of all trends influencing jazz in Poland. On the other, it is an exceptional phe- nomenon internationally, since no works of classical music have received so many jazz arrangements worldwide. The achievements of Polish jazz pianists in this regard have become most representative, since piano texture and the process of improvisation on a given theme show the most obvious references – not only musically, but also emotion- ally – to the musical language of Chopin. The recording of the award-winning album Chopin by the Andrzej Jagodziński Trio in December 1993 triggered a host of artistic arrangements of Chopin works by Polish jazz pianists, each of which constitutes an individual approach to the Chopin material, reflected in basic factors such as the crite- ria for the selection of compositions or themes and the process of the original’s trans- formation. Most jazz arrangements of Chopin’s music involve the piano miniatures that dominate the composer’s oeuvre. This is due to the clarity of the melodic lines, which inspire artists to turn them into themes for jazz standards. The Prelude in E minor, Op. 28 No. 4 has become the most frequently arranged piece of Chopin’s music in the field of jazz. The numerous arrangements are also stylistically diverse. Jagodziński’s arrangement is an example of this pattern being adapted for use in a jazz context. For him, the themes and mood of Chopin’s music have become a pretext for the creation of his own jazz compositions largely inspired by Chopin’s melodies and harmonies, but also by symmetrical form. Arrangements of Chopin’s music have been continually criticised by purists, who regard such procedures as a sort of profanation (any patriotic content in Chopin’s original compositions seems to vanish in the chaos of jazz improvisation, which dis- turbs the integral form of the originals). The basic problem here seems to be ignorance of the fact that Chopin’s music is essentially only a pretext, a kind of external emblem, for the creation of entirely new compositions, carrying different content, characterised by the author’s individuality. KEYWORDS: Fryderyk Chopin, jazz, jazz arrangements, Andrzej Jagodziński In the musical culture of today, more attention is devoted to cross- stylistic barriers, to reaching for a variety of inspirations, referring to the achievements of the past and commenting on them in one’s own way. These 372 Patrycja Madeła artistic activities usually lead to seeking newer means of musical expression, while at the same time pointing to the timeless values rooted in tradition. However, these days an unequivocal assessment of those classical music pieces, which are frequently expressed in a postmodern approach towards the works of past ages, becomes a really difficult task. Representatives of stylistic purism assume that interference with the original material too often becomes an eclectic process, which does not lead to a new aesthetic quality. Also it may be seen as a manifestation of disrespect for the ideals of the author: we deal with fragments of well-known pieces whose original form and content were clearly defined by their composers. Yet, demands for creating completely original music which would meet the idealistic concepts of the uniqueness of each work of art, basically seem to be fruitless. As suggested by Richard Shus- terman, an apparently original work of art is always a product of undisclosed borrowings.1 It is difficult to imagine a work new in all respects, since the legitimate desire for approval and understanding among the public excludes absolute radicalism. Originality must therefore be limited to just a percentage of novelty with a fairly high dose of continuation (borrowings). This rule has been applied in numerous cases of taking up and processing musical material in the musical culture of all historical periods. Interestingly, the artistic value of this type of classical music arrangements, which largely consists in the use of other authors’ themes and ideas and integrating them within the frame- work of the new works, is not questioned. This phenomenon has been so fre- quent in the creative endeavors of composers in each era of music history that it became the subject of numerous scholarly musicological works. Jazz interpretations of Chopin’s themes, so popular in recent years among Polish jazz pianists, are a continuations of the practice of adapting existing material for new compositions, which began as early as the Renaissance. This phenomenon refers particularly to the parody mass developed in that era, in which the thematic material often accounted for whole compositions (one’s own or of other authors), such as motets. It is worth mentioning that a fifteenth-century melody L’homme armé, occurring in more than 30 parody masses and numerous lute and organ com- positions, became the most common cantus firmus.2 In the Baroque era, the fugue was the most ingenious way to develop a theme, mostly improvised on a specified, known, borrowed motif. At that time pieces began to be transcribed on a large scale and their texture was often modified. In later ages the form of variation came to the fore, in which a usually simple theme underwent vari- 1 Richard Shusterman, Estetyka pragmatyczna. Żywe piękno i refleksja nad sztuką [Pragmatic aesthetics. Living beauty and reflection on art] (Wrocław, 1998), 267. 2 ‘L’ homme armé’, in Andrzej Chodkowski (ed.), Encyklopedia Muzyki [The Encyclo- pedia of Music] (Warszawa, 1995), 494. Chopin and jazz. The case of Andrzej Jagodziński’s … 373 ous transformations, from ornamentation and figuration of melody to signifi- cant transformations of each element of the work. The practice of inclusion of other composer’s material or one’s own previously composed theme with the framework of a new composition is therefore not unique. This issue, involving the transmission of certain values, operating so far in one closed circuit, into another closed circuit in which they did not exist pre- viously, is described as follows by Andrzej Chłopecki: [...] We live in times when books are derived from books, architecture from archi- tecture, and music from music. Almost nothing is created from nature, almost eve- rything from the existing culture. Whether we like it or not, we have been living for some time in the era of postmodernism which is ignored by some people and approved by others. I belong to the latter group, nervously responding to the con- cept of postmodernism being trivialized to the cross-over as an ideology and sam- pler technique, as the civilizational, the only choice.3 Transcriptions and arrangements are typical phenomena in jazz, since it is in the essence of jazz to use other composers’ material and modify it for new compositions. The choice of the theme for improvisation often concerns frag- ments derived from classical music, from artists such as Bach, Mozart, Schu- bert and even Strauss and Mahler. Yet compositions by Chopin attract the biggest and still continuing interest among jazz musicians. The trend associated with jazz interpretations of Chopin's music appeared in the Polish jazz in the early 1990s. On the one hand it is the most original and native stylistic trend of all the trends influencing jazz in Poland. On the other hand, it is an exceptional phenomenon internationally, because none of the works of classical composers have been chosen for so many jazz arrange- ments worldwide. However, the achievements of Polish jazz pianists in this regard became the most symptomatic, because the piano texture, as well as the process of improvisation on a given theme, show the most obvious refer- ence, not only purely musically, but also emotionally, to the musical language of Chopin. The recording of the album Chopin by the Andrzej Jagodziński Trio in December 1993 provide the impetus to start a series of artistic activi- ties in arranging Chopin’s works by Polish jazz pianists.4 This award-winning 3 “[…] Żyjemy w czasach, gdy książki powstają z książek, architektura z architektury, a muzyka z muzyki. Prawie nic nie powstaje z natury, prawie wszystko z istniejącej kultury. Czy się nam to podoba, czy nie, żyjemy od pewnego czasu w epoce postmodernizmu, którą jedni ignorują, inni się pod nią podpisują. Należę do tych ostatnich, nerwicowo reagując na pojęcia postmodernizmu banalizowanie do cross-over jako ideologii i techniki samplerów, jako cywilizacyjnego, jedynego wyboru.”Andrzej Chłopecki, in Tomasz Szachowski, ‘Chopin i jazz’ [Chopin and jazz], Jazz forum 12 (1999), 49. 4 Recorded on the initiative of Polonia Records the album Chopin was recognized by the readers of the magazine Jazz Forum: The record of the year 1994, received the Polish Mu- 374 Patrycja Madeła album started a real avalanche of similar projects, each of which constitutes an individual approach to the material of Chopin reflected in the basic as- sumptions, such as the selection criteria of pieces or themes, and the process of transformation of the original.5 Jazz arrangements of Chopin’s works are generally in its mainstream, including all directions and styles appearing be- tween New Orleans jazz and cool, or sometimes later styles which are not manifestations of avant-garde. Other arrangements which go beyond the mainstream convention mostly refer to the free jazz style. Pianists mostly chose for arrangements Chopin’s works in triple metre, although duple metre dominates in jazz music. Triple time, in most cases, was respected by artists, but it also happened that the change of time signature was the basic factor influencing the degree of modification of the original piece. Triple metre itself was not important, because there was a more essential consideration: compo- sitions written in triple metre have characteristic themes or motifs as well as short forms which can easily be adapted to the field of jazz (eg. mazurkas). Most jazz arrangements of Chopin’s music, therefore, concern piano miniatures prevailing in the composer’s works. This is due to the clarity of the melodic lines which stimulate artists’ creativity to write, on their basis, themes of jazz standards. Prelude in E minor, Op. 28 No. 4 has become the piece of Chopin’s music most frequently adapted to the field of jazz. Those numerous arrangements are also stylistically diverse. Prelude in E minor is characterized by a sophisticated, personalized harmonic, which almost com- pletely eliminates the need for any changes. The harmonic pattern of Chopin’s Prelude found favourable conditions in Polish jazz. Forming seventh and ninth chords, as well as applying numerous suspensions and progressions, make the majority of musicians who approach the work treat the original with reverence. Chopin’s complex harmonic language, combined with a simple and clear theme, constitutes an excellent basis for improvisation. The harmonic analysis of the Prelude is as follows: sic Industry Award – Fryderyk 94, and has also been given awards by the Third Pro- gramme of Polish Radio and the Ontario Association of Jazz Music Lovers. 5 The Jagodziński Trio’s Chopin discography contains the following other albums: Cho- pin – Live at the National Philharmonic, Polonia CD 076, 1995; Once more Chopin, ZPR Records, 1999; Metamorphoses, Opus 111 OPS 30-285, 1999, and the latest album Sonata b-moll, Agora JO404-RPK, 2009. Other pianists applying jazz modifications to Chopin’s compositions are: Leszek Możdżer (Chopin – impresje, Polonia CD 029, 1994 and Impres- sions on Chopin, Opus 111 OPS 30-263, 1999), Krzysztof Herdzin (Chopin, Polonia CD 056, 1996), Włodzimierz Nahorny (Fantazja Polska: Nahorny – Chopin, Polskie Radio PRCD 228, 2000), Adam Makowicz (Reflections on Chopin, Musician Showcase MS 1027, 2000) and Kuba Stankiewicz – the only one who, together with Inga Lewandowska, recorded an album entirely devoted to jazz arrangements of Chopin’s songs (Chopin Songbook, Accord ACD 199, 2003). The projects of Leszek Kułakowski, Filip Wojciechowski and Piotr Kałużny were mainly created for concert activities and only few works have been recorded on albums. Chopin and jazz. The case of Andrzej Jagodziński’s … 375 Example 1. Chopin, Prelude in E minor, Op. 28 No. 4 376 Patrycja Madeła In terms of construction, the Prelude in E minor is a closed, clear form, consisting of two symmetrical sections AA', which together form a 24-bar (not including upbeat and the final chord). This short and clear structure makes the piece easy to adapt to jazz where it will function as a jazz standard. The logical structure also allows one to include improvised choruses within it. Andrzej Jagodziński’s arrangement is an example of adapting this pat- tern for use in a jazz context. For him the themes and the mood of Chopin's music have become pretext for the creation of his own, contemporary, jazz compositions largely inspired by the melody and romantic harmony, but also by the symmetrical form. When, in 1993, Polonia Records made Jagodziński an offer to record Chopin’s works performed in the classical way, as Keith Jarrett did with the Johann Sebastian Bach’s Das Wohltemperierte Klavier, the pianist was already preparing his jazz arrangements of Chopin’s music6. Thus, the idea of releasing the recordings coincided with the long-planned project of the artist. Jagodziński invited the cooperation of experienced jazz musicians: Adam Cegielski (double bass) and Czesław Bartkowski (drums). The following analysis was made on the basis of a studio recording. There- fore, it refers to a single performance with no precise notation. Characteristic examples have been transcribed in order to illustrate the discussed issues more precisely. Theme The whole composition begins with a short 8-bar piano introduc- tion which is derived by Jagodziński from the original accompaniment. While the harmony shows compliance with the original (with the exception of the first chord), the rhythm undergoes a significant modification and thus, the motoric eight note ostinato is converted into syncopated process, which gives the composition bossa nova features. The way of forming the accompaniment part is presented in Example 2. In the introduction, as well as in the whole theme, the harmony has been taken over from Chopin’s original. Only a few suspensions used by Jagodziń- ski are the exceptions from the pattern and they are largely the result of rhythmic shifts. The ostinato chord sequence, serving as an accompaniment, provides a context for the theme of the Prelude developing in the double bass part (Example 3). The original musical material was enriched with acciaccaturas, turns and glissandos, while the rhythm is characterized by a free progress as a result of 6 Marek Romański, ‘Andrzej Jagodziński – urok pogranicza’ [Andrzej Jagodziński – the charm of the borderland], Jazz forum 10/11 (2000), 53. Chopin and jazz. The case of Andrzej Jagodziński’s … 377 lengthening and shortening the values. These changes are dictated by Cegiel- ski’s individual interpretation and they receive a different form in each per- formance. The distribution of accents in the bar undergoes a constant trans- formation, which is directly affected by the specificity of the bossa nova. That is why the original alla breve was replaced by common time (therefore the number of bars in the composition increases to 48). The formal structure of the theme is entirely consistent with the original version and, using the whole structure of the pattern, closes within two 24-bar sections AA'. Example 2. 378 Patrycja Madeła Example 3. Piano improvisation The thematic material serves as the base and a source of creativity for the piano improvisation. The melodic structures originate from the har- mony which was taken from the first phase of the composition and whose modifications are limited to reordering or adding some extensions to the chord and applying alteration. The harmonic basis appears in the bass line, while the chords derived from the original are performed by the piano, and thus the texture of the composition receives a different shape (it is trans- formed from a 2- to 3-dimensional composition). In his improvisation Jagodziński avoids the extreme registers of the in- strument, he moves in the middle register (from f sharp to d3). The improvisa- tion takes the linear shape, sometimes enriched with double-stops, strongly referring to the primary model by oscillation of the melody around the basic sounds of the theme. Its characteristic feature is a large number of acciaccatu- Chopin and jazz. The case of Andrzej Jagodziński’s … 379 ras, and there are also passage-works. Jagodziński uses the following scales: dorian (bar 16), chromatic (bar 55-56), altered (bar 16-17), and pentatonic (bar 25-26). Example 4. 380 Patrycja Madeła The whole improvisation takes the form of two 48-bar Choruses, and each of them is closed with the final thematic fragment : Example 5. Chorus I Example 6. Chorus II This phase of the composition is followed by two further ones which con- sist of double bass improvisation (48-bar chorus) and a return to the theme, this time shown in the piano part. Here, as before, the transformations of the main melodic line are just nuances. The Prelude finishes with three static chords, identical with the original. Jagodziński formulates the original thematic material of Prelude in E mi- nor in the classical form of a jazz standard, with a skilful balance between the language of jazz and Chopin’s musical model. The confrontation of these two such widely different worlds of sounds, in the case of Jagodziński’s arrange- ment, demonstrates the existence of a discourse between romantic music and jazz. Chopin’s compositions were and still are the subject of all sorts of ar- rangements, including various ways of transforming the pattern, which ranges from transcription, through instrumentations and arrangements, to paraphrases, resulting from the author’s inspiration found in a particular piece or just its main theme. The interest in Chopin’s music is, to some extent, historically justified. One has to realize the position Chopin holds in the his- tory of music. He was the innovator, being ahead of Wagner’s achievements in the field of harmony and heralding the coming of Debussy; Chopin’s use of folk scales and modes significantly anticipated Ravel’s or even Bartok’s achievements. Above all, however, it is Chopin’s contribution to the develop- ment of piano technique and texture that is most significant. Therefore, the