Zootaxa 2915: 1–19 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN1175-5334(online edition) Chironomidae from Gough, Nightingale and Tristan da Cunha islands OLE A. SÆTHER & TROND ANDERSEN1 Department of Natural History, Bergen Museum, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, N–5020 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] 1Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The resurrection of trans-oceanic dispersal is the most striking aspect of a major shift in historical biogeography toward a more even balance between vicariance and dispersal explanations. Molecular dating of lineage divergences favors oceanic dispersal over tectonic vicariance as an explanation for disjunct distributions in a wide variety of taxa. Although many oceanic islands harbor a disproportionately high biodiversity and number of endemic taxa, the chironomid fauna of the South Atlantic islands of Gough, Nightingale and Tristan da Cunha apparently consists of 6 species only: Telmatogeton goughisp. n. (described as male and female), Limnophyes minimus (Meigen), Smittia sp. (described as female), Thalas- sosmittia christinae sp. n. (described as female), Clunio jonesi sp. n. (described as male) and Allocladius lusciniolus Sæther et Andersen (described as female). Except for the marine T. goughi and C.jonesi the other species are partheno- genetic. Limnophyes minimus and A. lusciniolus dominate the chironomid fauna. Telmatogeton goughi is close to T. sanc- tipauli (Schiner). Thalassosmittia christinae differs from T. thalassophila (Bequaert etGoetghebuer) by having hairy eyes and antenna with subapical seta. Clunio jonesi differs from C. africanus and C. gerlachi by having ultimate flagellomere as long as the 4 preceding segments and gonostylus with only 1–2 apical spines. Allocladius lusciniolus differs from other known females of the genus by having 1–5 setae apically on M . 1+2 Key words: Diptera, Chironomidae, new species, Gough Island, Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha Introduction Geographical distribution of terrestrial or freshwater taxa that are broken up by oceans can be explained by either trans-oceanic dispersal or vicariance in the form of fragmentation of a previously contiguous landmass. Vicariance biogeography emerged several decades ago from the fusion of cladistics and plate tectonics and quickly came to dominate historical biogeography. Dispersal being a random process was argued to add only noise to a vicariance system. A consequence of this has been a focus on the biogeography of continents and continental islands, consid- ering the biogeography of oceanic islands less worthy of scientific attention because, being dependent on stochastic dispersal, it was uninteresting. However, molecular dating of lineage divergences favors oceanic dispersal over tec- tonic vicariance as an explanation for disjunct distributions in a wide variety of taxa. The resurrection of oceanic dispersal is the most striking aspect of a major shift in historical biogeography toward a more even balance between vicariance and dispersal explanations, and a vindication of the phylogenetic biogeography of Brundin (1981) emphasizing Hennig’s Progression Rule (de Queiroz 2005). This new view implies that biotas are more dynamic and have more recent origins than had been thought previously (de Queiroz 2005). Amorim et al. (2009) also show that different elements with circumantarctic distributions presently occupying the same area do not nec- essarily belong to the same time period. Their model of “allochronic taxa” allows accommodation of conflicting sources of evidence now available for many groups with circumantarctic distributions. In chironomids a northern Gondwanian (or Inabrezian) distribution appears to be common (Sæther 2000). This can be divided in an Afrotropical-South American pattern often extending into the Caribbean and/or Central Amer- ica and further to North America, and an Afrotropical-South Asia pattern often extending to East Asia and/or Aus- tralia and may be connected with a Beringian track. However, in many aquatic groups the vicariance pattern Accepted by W. Giłka: 25 May 2011; published: 13 Jun. 2011 1 between tropical South America and Africa precedes that between Africa and South Asia. According to the current theory, the opposite should have been the case. This indicates that much of the Afrotropical-South Asia pattern is a result of more recent non-random dispersal including direct oceanic dispersal. Notably, several chironomids also are marine intertidal and can easily be spread by floating debris. Oceanic islands, although small in area, harbor disproportionately high biodiversity and numbers of endemic taxa (Cowie & Holland 2006). Most records of chironomids from the subantarctic oceanic islands apparently con- sist of widespread taxa. However, their identification may be due to insufficient descriptions and identification keys. Thus the species identified as Telmatogeton sanctipauli (Schiner, 1868) and Clunio africanus (Hesse, 1937) from the Tristan da Cunha group of islands are here both shown to belong to closely related new species. On the other hand populations of Limnophyes minimus (Meigen, 1818) on the different subantarctic islands appear to be conspecific. This species apparently is facultative parthenogenetic with populations in the Southern Hemisphere exclusively parthenogenetic, whereas both sexual and parthenogenetic populations are found in the Northern Hemisphere. Whether there are several cryptic species or not or if the different populations can be separated by molecular markers remain to be seen and should constitute a future field of inquiry. Localities. Tristan da Cunha Island and island group in the South Atlantic Ocean is located about midway between southern Africa and South America (Fig. 1). It consists of six small islands: Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessi- ble, Nightingale, Middle, Stoltenhoff and Gough and the island group belongs to Great Britain. Inaccessible, Mid- dle and Stoltenhoff are uninhabited, on Nightingale there are several small huts that are regularly occupied by Tristanians for varying lengths of time, while a weather station is operated on Gough Island. The islands all are vol- canic in origin and lie approximately 540 km to the east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They are approximately 2900 km and 3200 km from the nearest points of mainland South Africa and South America, respectively. Tristan da Cunha, the largest and northernmost island of the group, has an area of 98 square km and is roughly circular, with a coastline of 33 km and a central volcanic cone (2,060 m) that is usually cloud covered. The climate is wet, windy and mild. About 1,675 mm of rain fall annually on the north coast at Edinburgh, the only permanent settlement. Plant and animal life includes elephant seals, which breed on the island, and other species not found elsewhere in the world (Encyclopedia Britannica 2011). On the island there are some deep, permanent small lakes in secondary volcanic craters and some semi-permanent rivulets draining mountane bogs, but most of the main watercourses in the gulches run only after heavy rains. The drainage at other times percolates underground, welling up at the shore, but in one place providing a constant stream across the Settlement Plain (Holdgate 1965). Holdgate (1965) recorded Telmatogeton sanctipauli and cf. Parakiefferiella from the island. Nightingale lies 19 km southeast of Inaccessible and 32 km south-southwest of Tristan da Cunha. Its coast has low cliffs where millions of seabirds nest. Apart from the swamp pools known as The Ponds, Nightingale is a rela- tively waterless island (Holdgate 1965). There are no previous records of chironomids from the island. Gough Island, the southernmost island in the Tristan da Cunha Island Group, lies about 370 km south-southeast of Tristan da Cunha. It is about 12 km long by 6 km broad. The island is formed as a result of Neogene orogenic volcanism (Maund et al. 1988). On Gough the upland plateaus are peat-covered and the blanket bog covering is broken by a number of small pools. From the upland mires, permanent torrential streams cascade into the valleys along the north and east coasts, or more abruptly down the western gulches and cliffs. The largest stream on Gough Island, the one in The Glen, is some 5m wide and has numerous deep pools; in flood the stream may be up to 1.5 m deep while even in drought it maintains a steady flow of water. Other streams only slightly smaller drain the principal valleys. Freeman (1962) and Holdgate (1965) recorded Telmatogeton sanctipauli, Clunio africanus and Smittia sp. from the island. Jones et al. (2003) and Gaston et al. (2003) recorded 99 species of free-living pterygote insects from the island including the species described here. Barber-James (2007) repeated the records from Gough Island and added the records of Limnophyes minimus and Telmatogeton sanctipauli from Inaccessible Island. Material and methods A collaborative project, the ‘Gough Island Terrestrial Invertebrate Survey’ (GITIS), was set up between the Biodi- versity and Macroecology Group (BIOME) at the University of Sheffield (United Kingdom), and the Spatial, Phys- iological and Conservation Ecology Group (SPACE) based at the University of Stellenbosch (South Africa). The results of the free-living pterygote insect portion of the GITIS including the preliminary identification of the chi- 2 · Zootaxa 2915 © 2011 Magnolia Press SÆTHER & ANDERSEN ronomids by O. A. Sæther were reported by Jones et al. (2003). The material from Tristan da Cunha and Nightin- gale Island is part of a collection that emanated from a short project at the Islands in 2005 collected by Christine Hänel, Stellenbosch, South Africa. The material described here was sent us for identification by A. G. Jones and C. Hänel. On Tristan da Cunha a total of 23 sites in eight places were sampled by Malaise trapping, on-site hand searches and collecting samples for Tullgren extractions. On Nightingale 10 sites were sampled in two main regions. On Gough similar methods were used in numerous localities (Jones et al. 2003). The intensive sampling most likely will have collected imagines of all or nearly all chironomids present on the islands. Immatures, however, were not actively sought. The material was initially stored in alcohol. Slide preparations using Canada balsam as mounting medium were later made following the procedure outlined by Sæther (1969). Morphological nomenclature follows Sæther (1980). The measurements are given as ranges followed by a mean when four or more measurements are made, fol- lowed by the number measured in parentheses (n). The holotypes and some paratypes of the new species are kept at the Department of Natural History, Bergen Museum, University of Bergen, Norway (ZMBN). Other material is deposited at the Natural History Collection, London (BMNH) and at the Tristan da Cunha and Nightingale Invertebrate collection, Tristan Conservation Department, Tristan da Cunha Island, South Atlantic (TCD). FIGURE 1. Map of the South Atlantic showing the position of Gough Island and the Tristan da Cunha group of islands. CHIRONOMIDAE FROM TRISTAN DA CUNHA Zootaxa 2915 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 3 Telmatogeton goughi sp. n. (Figs 2–10) Telmatogeton sanctipauli Freeman (1962: 79): Holdgate (1965: 396); Barber-James (2007: 29); not Schiner, 1868: 25 sensu Wirth (1947: 182). Telmatogeton sp. near sanctipauli Jones et al. (2003: 249); Gaston etal. (2003: 1096). Type material. Holotype male, GOUGH ISLAND: Site TD1 at Tumbledown, 40o20'999"S, 09o53'256"W, boulder beach, 5 m a.s.l., 2000, Malaise trap, C. Hänel & A.G. Jones (ZMBN). Paratypes: 1 male, 3 females as holotype; 1 male, 5 females, Soph. E, on the east side of Sophora Glen, 40o18'954"S, 09o54'149"W, supralittoral, 5 m a.s.l., 16.ii.2001, sweeping, L. Mabulu & P. Skepe (BMNH, TCD, ZMBN). Etymology. Named after Gough Island. Diagnostic characters. The species differs from other known species by having tarsal claws bifid and asym- metrical, pectinate arm and simple arm subequal in length on one claw, about half as long on other claw; flagellom- eres with setae; mid- and hind-trochanters each with knob-like projection which is about twice as long as broad. Description. Male (n = 7, except when otherwise stated). Total length 4.81–6.24, 5.51 mm. Wing length 3.59– 4.27, 3.95 mm. Total length / wing length 1.29–1.53, 1.39. Wing length / length of profemur 2.07–2.30, 2.13. Coloration. General dark brown with vittae and markings blackish. Legs and abdomen brown with apophyses and hypopygium darker. Wings slightly brown. Head. Pedicel 109–146, 126 μm long; 98–120, 107 μm wide; with 30–50, 41 setae. Six flagellomeres. AR 0.45–0.63, 0.53. Lengths (in μm) of flagellomeres: 90–131, 115; 41–49, 44; 41–49, 44; 28–49, 40; 38–49, 44; 139– 169, 148. Flagellomeres 1 and 2 each with 1–3, 2 setae; third flagellomere with 0–3, 2 setae; fourth with 0–2, 1 seta; fifth with 1–2, 1 seta; sixth flagellomere with 2–4, 3 setae; no distinct sensilla. Temporal setae 28–35, 30 including 6–9, 7 very strong postorbitals; 6–8, 7 outer verticals; 15–18, 17 inner verticals; and 6–10, 8 very strong orbitals. Cibarial pump as in Figure 2. Clypeus with 27–98, 65 strong setae. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 34–56, 43; 49–94, 71; 101–150, 124. First palpomere very weak and indistinct. Thorax. Antepronotum with 6–9, 8 (6) very weak setae. Dorsocentrals 4–9, 6, weak; prealars 7–12, 10; supraalar setae absent; prescutellar setae absent. Scutellum with 22–33, 26 setae of variable strength. Wing (Fig. 3). VR 0.95–1.00, 0.98. Costal extension indistinct, 45–86, 59 μm long. Brachiolum with 4–9, 7 setae; R with 17–34, 25; R with 6–9, 7; R with 19–26, 23 setae; other veins bare. Squama with 8–20, 14 weak 1 4+5 setae. Legs. Mid trochanter with 143–217, 179 μmlong; 75–105, 87 μmwide projection. Hind trochanter with 142– 188, 168 μmlong; 45–64, 52 μmwide projection. Spur of fore tibia apparently absent in two specimens, 56–71, 65 μmlong in other five; spur of mid tibia 68–71, 69 μm long; spurs of hind tibia 71–98, 80 μmand 64–94, 78 (6) μm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 98–128, 105 μm; of mid tibia 79–113, 97 μm; of hind tibia 90–113, 105 μm. Pseu- dospurs present on ta and ta of all legs and occasionally on ta of hind leg, 45–83 μmlong. Tarsal claws bifid and 1 2 3 asymmetrical, pectinate arm and simple arm subequal in length on one claw, about half as long on other claw. Lengths of claws not accurately measurable, but distance from base to apex about 100 μm long on all legs, with distance from base to apex of shorter pectinate arm about 80 μm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1. Hypopygium (Figs 4–6). Tergite IX weak, unsclerotized, with 2–7, 4 very weak setae; laterosternites each with 8–22, 13 setae. Aedeagus complex with several apodemes, mesal sclerites nearly straight and without hooked tips, 191–248, 209 μm long. Gonocoxite 349–413, 383 μm long; mesally strongly widened, width 180–221, 203 μm; width basally of enlargement 128–146, 141 μm. Gonostylus 154–188, 173 μmlong; 75–94, 85 μm wide. HR 2.04– 2.23, 2.13; HV 2.63–3.32, 3.05. Female (n = 8, except when otherwise stated). Total length 4.48–5.79, 4.95 mm. Wing length 3.31–4.19, 3.61 mm. Total length / wing length 1.33–1.47, 1.37. Wing length / length of profemur 2.66–2.87, 2.77. Coloration. General dark brown with vittae and markings blackish. Legs and abdomen brown with apophyses and genitalia darker. Wings slightly brown. Head. Pedicel 98–116, 110 μmlong; 98–116, 107 μm wide; with 29–55, 38 setae. Six flagellomeres. AR 0.41– 0.61, 0.51. Lengths (in μm) of flagellomeres: 98–116, 105; 34–45, 41; 34–53, 43; 34–45, 39; 30–41, 34; 98–146, 129. First flagellomere with 1–3, 2 setae; second and third each with 1–2, 1; fourth and fifth each with 0–1, 1; sixth flagellomere with 3–5, 3 setae. Several flagellomeres often partly fused. Temporal setae 31–44, 37 including 4 · Zootaxa 2915 © 2011 Magnolia Press SÆTHER & ANDERSEN 6–10, 7 very strong postorbitals; 6–8, 7 outer verticals; 12–20, 16 inner verticals; and 6–9, 7 very strong orbitals. Clypeus with 45–83, 66 setae. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 34–53, 42; 45–68, 55; 90–124, 109. First palpomere very weak and indistinct. TABLE 1.Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Telmatogeton goughi sp. n., male (n = 7). fe ti ta ta 1 2 p 1666–2064, 1853 1689–2111, 1840 1009–1290, 1096 352–446, 392 1 p 2229–2745, 2473 1877–2323, 2102 633–845, 744 258–228, 295 2 p 2158–2839, 2474 1900–2299, 2101 1056–1290, 1160 504–680, 551 3 ta ta ta LR 3 4 5 p 141–188, 158 117–164, 142 117–164, 142 0.57–0.62, 0.60 1 p 164–223, 191 129–176, 149 117–141, 136 0.33–0.38, 0.35 2 p 211–258, 231 141–188, 161 117–164, 139 0.53–0.57, 0.55 3 BV SV BR p 4.94–5.70, 5.22 3.27–3.53, 3.38 0.9–1.4, 1.1 1 p 6.71–7.45, 6.90 5.71–6.70, 6.17 0.8–1.1, 0.9 2 p 4.98–5.83, 5.36 3.90–4.23, 4.04 1.0–1.2, 1.1 3 Thorax. Antepronotum with 5–10, 7 weak setae. Dorsocentrals 5–10, 8, weak; prealars 6–16, 11; supraalar setae absent. Scutellum with 20–35, 26 setae of variable strength. Wing (Fig. 7). VR 0.94–1.07, 1.00. Costal extension indistinct, 30–68, 50 μm long. Brachiolum with 5–10, 7 setae; R with 13–33, 18; R with 4–9, 6; R with 11–23, 16 setae; other veins bare. Squama with 6–16, 9 weak 1 4+5 setae. Legs. Mid trochanter with 124–225, 165 μm long; 41–94, 60 μm wide projection. Hind trochanter with 94– 244, 153 μmlong; 26–53, 36 μmwide projection. Spur of fore tibia 45–64, 55 μm long; spur of mid tibia absent in one specimen, 41–75, 52 μm long in the other; hind tibia with 2 spurs in 3 specimens, other 5 with single spur, 49– 90, 69 μmand 56–83 (3) μm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 75–101, 85 μm; of mid tibia 71–101, 86 μm; of hind tibia 71–113, 87 μm. Pseudospurs as in male. Tarsal claws all simple, slightly more than 100 μmlong on all legs. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 2. TABLE 2.Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Telmatogeton goughi sp. n., female (n = 8). fe ti ta ta 1 2 p 1150–1571, 1308 1079–1571, 1258 610–917, 757 235–352, 276 1 p 1642–2158, 1859 1173–1575, 1352 493–704, 593 188–238, 220 2 p 1829–2323, 2060 1337–1760, 1547 687–1032, 846 352–516, 422 3 ta ta ta LR 3 4 5 p 141–188, 166 117–141, 122 94–117, 103 0.57–0.65, 0.61 1 p 117–188, 136 94–129, 104 82–117, 98 0.42–0.46, 0.44 2 p 141–211, 160 94–129, 114 82–117, 100 0.53–0.59, 0.57 3 BV SV BR p 4.69–5.32, 5.00 3.06–3.65, 3.57 0.9–1.5, 1.1 1 p 6.27–7.31, 6.87 5.20–5.71, 5.43 0.9–1.5, 1.2 2 p 5.17–6.00, 5.62 4.02–4.50, 4.16 0.9–1.5, 1.3 3 CHIRONOMIDAE FROM TRISTAN DA CUNHA Zootaxa 2915 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 5 FIGURES 2–6. Telmatogeton goughi sp. n., male. 2—cibarial pump; 3—wing; 4—hypopygium, dorsal view; 5—hypopy- gium, ventral view; 6—aedeagus and internal apodemes. 6 · Zootaxa 2915 © 2011 Magnolia Press SÆTHER & ANDERSEN FIGURES 7–10. Telmatogeton goughi sp. n., female. 7—wing; 8—genitalia, dorsal view; 9—genitalia, ventral view; 10— notum, spermathecal ducts, labia, gonapophyses and gonostyli. CHIRONOMIDAE FROM TRISTAN DA CUNHA Zootaxa 2915 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 7 Genitalia (Figs 8–10). Tergite VIII with 15–24, 19 median setae of which many are not much more than strong microtrichia and each side with 5–7, 6 posterolateral setae. Sternite VIII darker anteriorly with 80–128, 102 setae of variable strength. Gonapophysis broad, without setae at base, with apical notch and 2 apical projections; main part 98–139, 123 μm long; projections each 34–45, 40 μm long. Gonocoxite without setae, but with numerous stronger microtrichia in addition to normal microtrichia. Gonostylus well developed, 304–398, 343 μmlong; with median apodeme and strong parallel postero-laterally directed microtrichia giving gonostylus a striped appearance. Cercus 304–375, 334 μmlong. Notum 251–338, 284 μmlong. Pupa and larva. Unknown. Remarks. Wirth (1947, 1949) revised the genus. Since that time the genera Paraclunio Kieffer, 1911 and Psa- mathiomyia Deby, 1889 have been synonymized with the genus and Oliveira (1950, 1954, 2000) has described three new species. Telmatogeton goughi is close to T. sanctipauli Shiner, 1868 and T. minor (Kieffer, 1914) (Hesse 1934: 34) resembling both in having bifid asymmetrical claws with pectinate arms well developed, most flagellom- eres with one or more setae, mid-trochanters with pubescent or hairy knob-like projection, circum-ocular (postor- bital and orbital) setae very strong and gonocoxite strongly widened apicomedially. It differs from T. sanctipauli in having a smaller size (wing length 3–4 mm as opposed to 5–6 mm); fewer scutellars (22–33 as opposed to about 50); having pectinate arm and simple arm subequal in length on one claw, about half as long on the other claw; mid-trochanter with knob-like projection about twice as long as broad (as long as broad in T. sanctipauli) and mesal sclerites nearly straight (not sinuous as in T. sanctipauli) and without hooked tips (hooked in T. sanctipauli). From T. minor it differs in having a darker coloration and higher chaetotaxy with 22–33 scutellars as opposed to about 12. Telmatogeton eshu Oliveira, 2000 apparently also is similar in many details, but differs significantly in the male aedeagus, by having about 30 setae on squama and female genitalia apparently with a much shorter gonostylus. Distribution. The species is known from Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Island. Limnophyes minimus (Meigen) Limnophyes minimus (Meigen, 1818: 47) Material examined.GOUGH ISLAND: Site SG1 at Snoek Gat, 40o20'439"S, 09o52'927"W, supralittoral, 5 m a.s.l., 2000, 3 females, Malaise trap, C. Hänel & A.G. Jones; as above except: SB1 at Seal Beach, 40o20'667"S, 09o53'199"W, boulder beach, 2 females; GL1a at The Glen, 40o18'873"S, 09o54'220"W, 5 females; SB4 at Seal Beach penguin colony, 40o20'711"S, 09o53'232"W, tussock-grassland, 25 m a.s.l., 2 females; SG2b at Snoek Gat, 40o20'437"S, 09o52'943"W, 1 female; TD2 at Tumbledown, 40o20'990"S, 09o53'291"W, 1 female; ET1 at East Tum- bledown, 40o20'881"S, 09o53'285"W, tussock-fernbush, 50 m a.s.l., 2 females; SO2 at Sophora Glen stream, 40o19'070"S, 09o54'268"W, fernbush, 50–100 m a.s.l., 3 females; PC1 at Prion Cave, 40o20'724"S, 09o53'354"W, 1 female; FS1 at ‘First Stop’, 40o20'287"S, 09o53'387"W, 1 female; WA1, west of Admirals, 40o20'380"S, 09o53'980"W, 1 female; FS1 at ‘First Stop’ stream, 40o20'227"S, 09o53'367"W, fernbush, 100–150 m a.s.l., 1 female; TK3 on Tafelkop in presence of stream and some tussock grass, 40o19'960"S, 09o53'806"W, fernbush, 350– 400 m a.s.l., 1 female; WC1 at Waterfall Camp, 40o18'356"S, 09o56'542"W, wet heath, 650–700 m a.s.l., 2 females; 2 females without data (BMNH, TCD, ZMBN). NIGHTINGALE ISLAND: Site 8, 1st Pond furthest from the path, 37o25'616''S, 12°29'302''W, mire wetland with pool surrounded by Scirpus spp., 30.iii.–01.iv.2005, 15 females, Malaise trap, C. Hänel; Site 10, 3rd Pond close to top of path, 37°25'533"S, 12°29'102"W, mire wetland, Scirpus spp, fernbush spp. and mosses, 26–28.iii.2005, 46 females, Malaise trap, C. Hänel (BMNH, TCD, ZMBN). The species including parthenogenetic populations is redescribed by Sæther (1975: 1032 as L. hudsoni Sæther, 1975; 1990: 59). As mentioned by Sæther (1990) the parthenogenetic populations from the subantarctic islands mostly show a higher chaetotaxy than in most specimens of L. minimus, particularly on the preepisternum. The range given in Sæther (1990) is 5–15 preepisternals with non-parthenogenetic populations having 5–12 preepister- nals. The population from Nightingale Island has 9–16, 12 (30) preepisternals, the one from Gough Island 7–16, 13 (26) preepisternals. Distribution. The species is known from all regions except Australia (Sæther & Spies 2004) including the par- thenogenetic populations of the subantarctic islands of Kerguelen, Marion, Prince Edward, Gough, Inaccessible and Nightingale (Sæther 1990; Jones et al. 2003; Barber-James 2007). 8 · Zootaxa 2915 © 2011 Magnolia Press SÆTHER & ANDERSEN Smittia sp. (Figs 11–16) Material examined.TRISTANDA CUNHA: Site 7, on rim west of patches, above Molly Gulch, below Dailies Hill, 37°108'44"S, 12°326'53"W, Blechnum palmiforme-grassland mix, 2270 ft., Malaise trap, 15–21.ii.2005, 1 female, C. Hänel (ZMBN). Diagnostic characters. This female is typical for the genus in most details, but can perhaps be identified by details of the genitalia and the chaetotaxy. Description. Female (n = 1). Total length 1.63 mm. Wing length 0.93 mm. Total length / wing length 1.76. Wing length / length of profemur 3.27. Coloration. Fully brown. FIGURES 11–16. Smittia sp., female. 11—wing; 12—genitalia, ventral view; 13—genitalia, dorsal view; 14—ventrolateral lobe; 15—dorsomesal lobe; 16—apodeme lobe. CHIRONOMIDAE FROM TRISTAN DA CUNHA Zootaxa 2915 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 9 Head. AR 0.44. Lengths (in μm) of flagellomeres: 51, 45, 43, 43, 79. Apical antennal seta 68 μm long. Tempo- ral setae 3 including 1 inner vertical and 2 outer verticals. Clypeus with 8 setae. Tentorium 86 μm long, 11 μm wide. Stipes 83 μmlong, 30 μmwide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 19, 26, 53, 58, 75. Third palpomere apparently without sensilla clavata. Coronal suture 26 μm long. Thorax. Median antepronotal lobes well developed, no lateral setae on antepronotum. Dorsocentrals 12, acros- tichals not measurable, prealars 6, supraalar seta 1. Scutellum with 4 setae. Wing (Fig. 11). VR 1.26. Anal lobe reduced. Costal extension 101 μmlong. R ending distal to apex of M , 4+5 3+4 Cu sinuate. Brachiolum with 1 seta, costa between FR and apex of R with 45 non-marginal setae, costal exten- 1 4+5 sion with 15 non-marginal setae, R with 9, R with 6, R with 12 setae, other veins bare. 1 4+5 Legs. Spur of fore tibia 28 μmlong, spurs of mid tibia both 17 μm long, of hind tibia 38 μmand 19 μm long. Width at apex of fore and mid tibia both 28 μm, of hind tibia 34 μm. Comb of 11 setae, 19–23 μmlong. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 3. TABLE 3.Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Smittia sp., female (n = 1). fe ti ta ta ta ta ta LR BV SV BR 1 2 3 4 5 p 284 321 161 95 66 43 38 0.50 3.18 3.76 2.0 1 p 312 340 128 76 61 38 33 0.38 3.75 5.11 2.2 2 p 340 383 194 109 95 47 38 0.51 3.18 3.73 2.7 3 Abdomen. Number of setae on tergites I–VIII as: 4, 10, 14, 16, 14, 14, 15, 12. Number of setae on sternites I– VIII as: 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, 6. Genitalia (Figs 12–16). Gonocoxite low, rounded, with 4 setae. Tergite IX not divided, but slightly emargin- ated, with altogether 10 setae. Ventrolateral lobe relatively narrow, not covering dorsomesal lobe. Cercus 49 μm long. Segment X rounded posterolaterally. Seminal capsule about 83 μmlong, about 56 μmwide, neck sclerotized for about 4 μm, microtrichia not observed, spermathecal ducts with loop, without bulbs before common opening. Notum 90 μmlong. Remarks. The species probably is parthenogenetic and endemic, but as only a single specimen was found on Tristan, it is better not named here. The genus is in need of revision and this female is rather typical. Thalassosmittia christinae sp. n. (Figs 17–22) Type material. Holotype female, GOUGH ISLAND: Site SG1 at Snoek Gat, 40o20'439"S, 09o52'927"W, supralitto- ral, 5 m a.s.l., 2000, Malaise trap, C. Hänel & A.G. Jones (ZMBN). Paratypes: 3 females, as holotype; as holotype except: 4 females, SB1 at Seal Beach, 40o20'667"S, 09o53'199"W; 2 females, SB4 at Seal Beach penguin colony, 40o20'711"S, 09o53'232"W, tussock-grassland, 25 m a.s.l.; 2 females, SG2b at Snoek Gat in upper region, 40o320' 437"S, 09o52'943"W; 11 females, SB3 at Seal Beach, 40o20'659"S, 09o53'215"W, tussock-fernbush, 50 m a.s.l.; 1 female, AD1 at Admirals, 40o20'293"S, 09o53'008"W; 3 females, BA1 at Base (weather station), 40o20'516"S, 09o53'028"W, fernbush, 50–100 m a.s.l.; 4 females, BR1 at the bridge over the stream (behind the weather station), 40o20'407"S, 09o53'228"W; 3 females, FS1 at ‘First Stop’ by the stream (along transect from the weather station towards Tafelkop), 40o20'227"S, 09o53'367"W; 5 females, PC1 at Prion Cave, 40o20'724"S, 09o53'354"W; 2 females, WA1 on the west side of Admirals, 40o20'380"S, 09o53'980"W; 2 females, TK1 at Tafelkop in the presence of a stream and some tussock grasses, 40o19'960"S, 09o53'806"W, fernbush, 350–400 m a.s.l.; 2 females, GD1 in Gonydale with stream and peat bog present, 40o19' 933"S, 09o55'311"W, wet heath, 450–500 m a.s.l.; 3 females, WC1 at Waterfall Camp, by the waterfall, 40o18' 356"S, 09o56'542"W, wet heath, 650–700 m a.s.l. (BMNH, TDC, ZMBN). Etymology. Named in honor of Ms. Christine Hänel who collected some of the chironomid material and sent it to us for identification. 10 · Zootaxa 2915 © 2011 Magnolia Press SÆTHER & ANDERSEN