Chiricahua Apache Enduring Power Contemporary American Indian Studies J. Anthony Paredes, Series Editor Chiricahua Apache Enduring Power Naiche’s Puberty Ceremony Paintings Trudy Grif¤n-Pierce With a Foreword by J. Jefferson Reid and Stephanie M. Whittlesey THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA PRESS Tuscaloosa Copyright © 2006 The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Typeface: AGaramond ∞ The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum require- ments of American National Standard for Information Sciences- Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48– 1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grif¤n-Pierce, Trudy, 1949– Chiricahua Apache enduring power : Naiche’s puberty ceremony paintings / Trudy Grif¤n-Pierce ; with a foreword by J. Jefferson Reid and Stephanie M. Whittlesey. p. cm. — (Contemporary American Indian studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8173-1544-3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8173-1544-6 (alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8173-5367-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8173-5367-4 (alk. paper) 1. Naiche, c. 1857–1921. 2. Chiricahua Indians—Biography. 3. Chiricahua Indians—Social life and customs. 4. Chiricahua Indians—Government relations. 5. Indian art—Southwest, New. 6. Puberty rites—Southwest, New. I. Title. II. Series. E99.C68N354 2006 979.004′9725600922—dc22 [B] 2006013114 Front cover image: Naiche deer hide painting of puberty ceremony Gáhe dance. Naiche sold this to Dr. Everette Rowell, 1911 or 1912. Believed to be Naiche’s last painting. (Adapted from the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Bristol, R.I., acc. no. HMA 77–189. D. 35″ long by 17.5″ wide). Back cover image: Chiricahua Apache deer hide painting, c. 1875. (Adapted from painting at Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Cat. No 10/22551. Dimensions: 42.5″ long, 37.1″ wide.) This book is dedicated to Naiche, who led his people through the most dif¤cult part of their history. Table of Contents List of Figures ix Timeline of Chiricahua Imprisonment xi Prologue: Life before Naiche and the Chiricahua Apache Prisoners of War xiii Foreword: A Bronze Ga’an Speaks J. Jefferson Reid and Stephanie M. Whittlesey xvii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Ethnographic and Historic Background of the Chiricahua Apaches 11 Chapter 2: Military Conquest as a Physical, Psychological, and Symbolic Event 46 Chapter 3: Exile and the Construction of Cultural Identity 71 Chapter 4: Pratt and the Carlisle Boarding School 87 Chapter 5: The Art of American Indian Prisoners of War 107 Chapter 6: The Chiricahua Apache Girl’s Puberty Ceremony and Naiche’s Hide Paintings 133 Epilogue: Life after Naiche 169 References 171 Index 183 List of Figures 1. Chiricahua Apache homeland and sites of their imprisonment 2 2. The Cochise Stronghold, southeastern Arizona 12 3. Cochise buried here in an unmarked place among the rocks 12 4. Apache Pass 14 5. A rocky ridge in Apache Pass 14 6. Reconstructed Chiricahua Apache wickiup at Apache Pass 15 7. The ruins of the Butter¤eld Stage Station, Apache Pass 15 8. Geronimo with warriors 18 9. Naiche and Geronimo with warriors 18 10. Chiricahua Apaches at peace talks 19 11. Cañon de los Embudos (Canyon of the Funnels), Mexico 19 12. St. Augustine, Florida 49 13. Matanzas River approaching Fort Marion 50 14. Fort Marion looking toward the Matanzas River 50 15. View of the Matanzas River from Fort Marion 50 16. Stairs to the terreplein, Fort Marion 52 17. The terreplein, Fort Marion 52 18. Road to Fort Pickens 72 19. Fort Pickens 73 20. Entrance to Fort Pickens 73 21. Casemate, Fort Pickens 74 22. Railroad tracks going north from Mount Vernon, Alabama 90 23. Train station (now Senior Citizen Building), Mount Vernon 91 24. Present-day house across from train station 91 25. Dense foliage, typical of Mount Vernon landscape 94 26. Chiricahua Apache children at Fort Marion 106 27. Chiricahua Apache children after being inducted into Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Pennsylvania 106 28. Oklahoma horizon at sunset, near Fort Sill 108 29. Fort Sill National Historic Landmark, Oklahoma 110 30. Lew Kaywaykla’s deer hide painting of Gáhe (Mountain Spirit Dancers) 111 31. Gáhe (Mountain Spirit Dancer), Fort Sill, Oklahoma 111 32. Chiricahua Apache farmers at Fort Sill, c. 1904 112