DOVER BOOKS ON ART HISTORY Painting in Islam, Thomas W. Arnold. (21310-2) $4.00 Painting in the Far East, Laurence Binyon. (20520-7) $5.00 Persian Miniature Painting, Laurence Binyon, J.V.S. Wilkinson and Basil Gray. (22054-0) $6.00 Primitive Art, Franz Boas. (20025-6) $3.75 The Everyday Artof India, Robert F. Bussabarger and Betty D. Robins. (21988-7) $4.50 Christian and Oriental Philosophy of Art, Ananda K. Coo- maraswamy. (20378-6) $2.25 History of Indian and Indonesian Art, Ananda K. Coomaras- wamy. (21436-2) $6.00 The Transformation of Nature in Art, Ananda K. Coomaras- wamy. (20368-9) $3.00 History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States, William Dunlap. (21695-0, 21696-9, 21697-7) Three-volume set $15.00 Methods and Materials of Painting of the Great Schools and Masters, Charles L. Eastlake. (20718-8, 20719-6) Two- volume set $12.00 Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, Ernest F. Fenollosa. (20364-6, 20365-4) Two-volume set $8.00 History of American Painting, The Light of Distant Skies, James T. Flexner. (22179-2) $5.00 History of American Painting, That Wilder Image, James T. Flexner. (22179-2) $5.00 Modern Mexican Painters, MacKinley Helm. (22889-4) $5.00 A History of Engraving and Etching, Arthur M. Hind. (20954-7) $6.00 An Introduction to a History of Woodcut, Arthur M. Hind. (20952-0, 20953-9) Two-volume set $12.00 The Divine Proportion: A Study in Mathematical Beauty, H. E. Huntley. (22254-3) $2.75 Art and Geometry, William M. Ivins, Jr. (20941-5) $2.00 Concerning the Spiritual in Art, Wassily Kandinsky. (2341 1-8) $2.25 American Primitive Painting, Jean Lipman. (22815-0) $5.00 (continued on inside back cover) ] Wan-go Weng CHINESE PAINTING AND CALLIGRAPHY A Survey Pictorial 69 Fine Examples from the John M. Crawford, Collection Jr. With a Preface by Thomas Lawton, Director of the Freer Gallery of Art New Dover Publications, Inc., York BURLINGAME PUBLIC LIBRARY BURLINGAME, CA 94010 344-7107 fcjftlfc Frontispiece: Detail of item 38. Copyright © 1978 by Wan-go Weng. All rights reserved under 1'an American and International Clopvright Conventions. Published in Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd., 30 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario. Published in the United kingdom by Constable and Com- pany, Ltd., 10 Orange Street, London WCaH 7EG. Chinese Painting and Calligraphy: A Pictorial Survey is a new work, first published by Dover Publications, Inc., in 1978. InternationalStandard Hook Number: o-j86-2}70j-y Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 7^-57^55 Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications, Inc. 180 Varick Street New York, N.Y. 10014 3-3.OT89 PREFACE Western collectors who have specialized in Chi- mirrors the situation that existed in traditional nese painting are rare indeed. Even rarer are those China, where reverence for the finest examples of who have assemhled important holdings of Chinese ancient painting and calligraphy was such that calligraphy. As a discerning collector of both Chi- poets were moved to compose odes of praise about nese painting and Chinese calligraphy, John M. particular works and collectors willingly faced Crawford, Jr. occupies a special position in the rare- bankruptcy to acquire them. In traditional China, fied world of connoisseurship. His extraordinary as in our own society, only a few people were contribution to our knowledge of Chinese culture intimately included within the cultivated circle transcends that of the usual collector-connoisseur, of the collector-connoisseur. Although China is a in part because from the beginning of his interest vast country, the world of the collector-connoisseur in the arts of China, Tohn Crawford realized that was always an extremely small and intimate one. the true collector forms taste rather than being Consequently, the few people involved were keenly influenced by it. At the same time, he clearly rec- aware of belonging to a select group. They re- ognized the obligation to catalogue and to publish garded themselves as aristocrats in mind and in his collection. In this, he was following in the tradi- culture, who shared a responsibility in devoting tion of the great Ming and Ch'ing dynasty collec- most of their energies and abilities to perpetuating tors. their cultural heritage. John Crawford follows in Always a man who seeks the very finest, John that tradition and shares a similar sense of respon- Crawford insisted upon obtaining scholarly con- sibility. tributions from the most distinguished specialists In this new publication of Chinese painting and in the field. Then, drawing upon his own thorough calligraphy from his collection, John Crawford is knowledge of book design and fine printing, he fortunate to have obtained the collaboration of personally guided the publication of his famous Wan-go Weng, himself a distinguished collector. catalogue entitled Chinese Calligraphy and Paint- The introductory text and specific entries written ing in the Collection of John M. Crawford, jr. by Wan-go Weng provide new information about That catalogue, published in 1962, established a those scrolls previously published. In addition, a new standard for Western scholarship on Chinese number of works acquired since the appearance of art, and its influence continues to be seen in those the original Crawford catalogue in 1962 are being publications that have appeared subsequently. published for the first time. The design of this Just as the catalogue of his Chinese painting and new catalogue reflects Wan-go Weng's good taste, calligraphy reflects the taste of an enlightened and as well as his personal understanding of Chinese discriminating connoisseur, John Crawford is well art. He has carefully chosen details of individual known for his generosity in making his ever-grow- works to illustrate significant nuances of brushwork ing collection available to scholars and to students. and ink technique. By isolating details from the Specialists from throughout the world are always total composition, the scrolls are presented with a warmly received at his home and permitted to study totally different, sometimes unexpected, emphasis, his scrolls without restrictions of any kind. No one enabling the reader to regard them in new and is more generous than he in encouraging scholars exciting ways and. thereby, to appreciate them or in lending his objects for exhibitions. One re- afresh. sult of his genuine support of scholarship is that For this latest presentation of works from his John Crawford enjoys an international reputation collection, everyone who shares an interest in Chi- equal to that of his Chinese collection. nese art is again indebted to John Crawford. Once As one would expect from so dedicated a col- more, he has demonstrated his concern for scholar- lector-connoisseur, John Crawford welcomes new ship and his awareness of the responsibility the ideas and interpretations about objects in his col- serious collector owes to society. lection. He respects serious scholarship and under- stands that with new research come fresh and en- riching ideas essential to improving our knowledge Thomas Lawton of Chinese art history. Director The constant quest for a more comprehensive Freer Gallery of Art understanding of Chinese connoisseurship in the Smithsonian Institution West, exemplified by people like John Crawford, Washington, D.C. CONTENTS page THE JOHN M. CRAWFORD, JR. COLLECTION ix INTRODUCTION xi The Physical Aspects of Chinese Painting and Calligraphy xi Styles and Traditions in Chinese Painting and Calligraphy xvi LIST OF WORKS ILLUSTRATED xxix THE ILLUSTRATIONS 1-149 APPENDIX A: Bibliography 151 APPENDIX B: Reference Index 151 INDEX OF ARTISTS 155 Vll