INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN 17-253-3313Sb-2 11 1 111 9 90000 ol 336 69 2 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical by Andre Levy translated by William H. Nienhauser, Jr. Indiana University Press Bloomington and Indianapolis This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 47404-3797 USA www.indiana.edu/–iupress Telephone orders 800 842 6796 - - Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e mail [email protected] - 2000 by Andre Levy All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in.writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses' Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levy, Andre, date [La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique. English] Chinese literature, ancient and classical / by Andre Levy ; translated by William H. Nienhauser, Jr. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33656-2 (alk. paper) 1. Chinese literature—History and criticism. I. Nienhauser, William H. II. Title. PL2266.L48 2000 895.1'09—dc21(cid:9) 99-34024 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 01 00 For my own early translators of French, Daniel and Susan Contents Preface(cid:9) ix Introduction(cid:9) 1 Chapter 1: Antiquity(cid:9) 5 I. Origins II. "Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend!" 1. Mo zi and the Logicians 2. Legalism 3. The Fathers of Taoism III. The Confucian Classics Chapter 2: Prose(cid:9) 31 I. Narrative Art and Historical Records II. The Return of the "Ancient Style" III. The Golden Age of Trivial Literature IV. Literary Criticism Chapter 3: Poetry(cid:9) 61 I. The Two Sources of Ancient Poetry 1. The Songs of Chu 2. Poetry of the Han Court II. The Golden Age of Chinese Poetry 1. From Aesthetic Emotion to Metaphysical Flights 2. The Age of Maturity 3. The Late Tang III. The Triumph of Genres in Song Chapter 4: Literature of Entertainment: The Novel and Theater(cid:9) 105 I. Narrative Literature Written in Classical Chinese II. The Theater 1. The Opera-theater of the North 2. The Opera-theater of the South III. The Novel 1. Oral Literature 2. Stories and Novellas 3. The "Long Novel" or Saga Index(cid:9) 151