Quality of Life in Asia 5 Daniel T.L. Shek Rachel C.F. Sun Cecilia M.S. Ma Editors Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong Family Life, Psychological Well-Being and Risk Behavior Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong Quality of Life in Asia Volume 5 Series Editors: ALEX C. MICHALOS DANIEL T.L. SHEK The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, P.R.C. DOH CHULL SHIN University of Missouri, Columbia, MI, U.S.A. MING-CHANG TSAI National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan This series, the fi rst of its kind, will examine both the objective and subjective dimensions of life quality in Asia, especially East Asia. It will unravel and compare the contours, dynamics and patterns of building nations, offering innovative works that discuss basic and applied research, emphasizing inter- and multi-disciplinary approaches to the various domains of life quality. Thus, the series will appeal to a variety of fi elds in humanities, social sciences and other professional disciplines. Asia is the largest, most populous continent on Earth, and it is home to the world’s most dynamic region, East Asia. In the past three decades, East Asia has been the most successful region in the world in expanding its economies and integrating them into the global economy, offering lessons on how poor countries, even with limited natural resources, can achieve rapid economic development. Yet while scholars and policymakers have focused on why East Asia has prospered, little has been written on how its economic expansion has affected the quality of life of its citizens. The series will publish several volumes a year, either single or multiple-authored monographs or collections of essays. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8416 Daniel T.L. Shek • Rachel C.F. Sun Cecilia M.S. Ma Editors Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong Family Life, Psychological Well-Being and Risk Behavior Editors Daniel T.L. Shek Rachel C.F. Sun Cecilia M.S. Ma Faculty of Education Department of Applied Social Sciences The University of Hong Kong The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong , Hong Kong Hunghom , Hong Kong ISSN 2211-0550 ISSN 2211-0569 (electronic) ISBN 978-981-287-142-8 ISBN 978-981-287-143-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-143-5 Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947542 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2014 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace Most of the existing theories on the personal well-being of adolescents have been developed in the West. Similarly, most of the existing studies have been conducted in the West. One important question that social scientists should ask is whether Western theories and research fi ndings are applicable to adolescents in non-Western cultural contexts. Obviously, the answer to this question depends on the availability of empirical evidence. Unfortunately, studies on adolescent personal well-being are grossly inadequate in the scientifi c literature. Using the search term “adolescents,” computer search in March 2014 using PsycINFO showed 87,601 citations. When we used “Chinese” and “adolescents,” there were only 2,102 citations. In other words, 2.4 % of the citations were related to Chinese adolescents. As the Chinese population roughly constitutes one-fi fth of the world’s population, this percentage of research on adolescents is defi nitely out of proportion. There are several questions one should ask as far as adolescent well-being is concerned. The fi rst question is how well-being changes during the adolescent years. In other words, what are the developmental trajectories associated with per- sonal well-being during adolescence? While numerous cross-sectional studies have been conducted to understand this problem, only longitudinal data can provide us with a more comprehensive picture. Unfortunately, longitudinal studies are grossly inadequate in Chinese societies. In this book, we report the developmental trajecto- ries of personal well-being indexed by different indicators in junior secondary school students in Hong Kong. The next question is what sociodemographic factors are related to adolescent well-being. Several sociodemographic factors have been found to be closely related to the personal well-being of adolescents. For example, compared with adolescent girls, adolescent boys are more likely to exhibit suicidal behavior. Regarding age effect, adolescent risk behavior is linearly related to age during adolescence. Some family risk factors also impair adolescent well-being. Findings from studies reveal that adolescents with economic disadvantage develop unfavorably when compared with adolescents who do not experience economic disadvantage. Compared to adolescents in intact families, adolescents in non-intact families show poorer v vi Preface well- being. Again, we are not sure whether the effects of such sociodemographic factors continue during adolescence. In the chapters of this book, special emphasis is placed on the infl uence of economic disadvantage and family non-intactness on adolescent well-being in the junior secondary school years. The next question is what factors can protect adolescents from poor well-being, such as risk behavior, during the adolescent years. Using an ecological perspective, factors in different systems infl uence adolescent well-being. Besides personality traits, developmental assets within an individual, such as emotional control, resil- ience, spirituality, self-confi dence, and compassion for other people, defi nitely shape the well-being of adolescents. In other words, inner resources shape adoles- cent well-being. The 3-year longitudinal study covered in this book addressed the question of how positive youth development attributes are related to measures of adolescent well-being across the junior high school years. Besides developmental assets within an individual, factors in the environment also determine adolescent well-being. Among the infl uences of different environ- mental systems, family plays a crucial role in the process of socialization. There are both systemic and dyadic family processes in the family. For systemic family processes, family functioning attributes such as communication and emotional expressiveness are important parameters. For dyadic parent-child relationship, processes such as parenting, confl icts, and relational quality have been widely examined. In the sociological literature, numerous studies have underscored the importance of family social capital in adolescent development. In the psycho- logical literature, the role of parenting and parent-child relationship on child and adolescent development has been widely documented. In our longitudinal study spanning across 3 years, another research question addressed is how systemic and dyadic parent- child relational qualities infl uence adolescent well-being in the junior high school years. How can the research fi ndings related to positive youth development and family processes function as protective factors to help adolescent development? The obvi- ous answer is to apply the related fi ndings to youth enhancement programs, although the process is not easy and straightforward. As far as youth enhancement programs are concerned, while there are numerous positive youth development programs in the West, very few validated programs exist in different Chinese communities. One notable exception is the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong, which utilizes positive youth development constructs identifi ed in the successful programs in the fi eld. Obviously, the collection of data in the Chinese context is important as far as the development of positive youth development programs for Chinese adolescents is concerned. Regarding programs which aim at promoting the quality of family life, literature review shows that while there are many programs in the West, there are only very few validated programs in Chinese societies. Based on the fi ndings reported in the various chapters of this book, the theoretical basis for promoting family quality of life is formed. It is hoped that such fi ndings can facilitate helping professionals to develop family quality of life enhancement programs for Chinese adolescents. Preface vii I n the Confucian thought, one popular doctrine is “ cultivation of oneself, regulation of one’s family, governing one’s country and creating peace and harmony for the world” (‘xiu shen, qi jia, zhi guo, ping tian xia’). Basically, it means that B efore one can create peace and harmony for the world, one must be able to govern one’s country. Before one can govern one’s country, one must be able to regulate one’s family. Before one can regulate one’s family, one must be able to cultivate one’s virtues and character. Conceptually speaking, Confucianism emphasizes self-cultivation which is consistent with the notion of positive youth development. Both focus on the impor- tance of “inner strengths,” particularly character and moral codes. Similarly, the notion of family regulation is in line with the Western notion of family functioning, particularly in the area of family rules and leadership. Through the fi ndings reported in the chapters of this book, we earnestly hope that we will be able to integrate scientifi c theories and fi ndings from the West in the Chinese context. I also wish to take this opportunity to thank all the schools, parents, and students who have participated in this longitudinal study. Without their unfailing support, this groundbreaking attempt will not be possible. Hunghom, Hong Kong Daniel T. L. Shek Contents Family Quality of Life, Personal Well-Being, and Risk Behavior in Early Adolescents in Hong Kong: Related Phenomena and Research Gaps..................................................................... 1 Daniel T. L. Shek and Catalina S. M. Ng A Longitudinal Study of the Personal Well- Being and Family Quality of Life Among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong ........................ 19 Daniel T. L. Shek and Cecilia M. S. Ma Positive Youth Development in Junior Secondary School Students: Do Gender and Time Matter? .......................................... 35 Daniel T. L. Shek and Florence K. Y. Wu Parental Behavioral Control, Parental Psychological Control and Parent-Child Relational Qualities: Relationships to Chinese Adolescent Risk Behavior ............................................................................... 51 Daniel T. L. Shek and Moon Y. M. Law Perceived Family Quality of Life, School Competence, and Academic Adjustment Among Early Adolescents in Hong Kong ........ 71 Daniel T. L. Shek and Hildie Leung Subjective Well-Being of Early Adolescents in Hong Kong ........................ 93 Daniel T. L. Shek and Xiang Li Development of Delinquent Behavior in Early Adolescents in Hong Kong ................................................................................................... 111 Daniel T. L. Shek and Li Lin Substance Abuse in Junior Secondary School Students in Hong Kong ..... 133 Daniel T. L. Shek and Janet T. Y. Leung ix