7 1 0 2 e n u J 4 2 6 5 : 2 1 t a ] o g e i D n a S , a i n r o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D China in Early Enlightenment Political Thought 7 1 0 2 e n u J 4 2 6 China in Early Enlightenment Political Thought examines the ideas of China 5 : in the works of three major thinkers in the early European Enlightenment of 2 1 the late seventeenth to early eighteenth centuries: Pierre Bayle, Gottfried t a WilhelmLeibniz,andtheBarondeMontesquieu.Unlikesurveyswhichprovide ] o onlycursoryoverviewsofEnlightenmentviewsofChina,orindividualstudies g e ofeachthinkerwhichtendtoaddresstheirconceptionsofChinainindividual i D chapters,thisisthefirstbooktoprovidein-depthcomparativeanalysesofthese an seminal Enlightenment thinkers that specifically link their views on China to S , their political concerns. Against the backdrop especially of the Jesuit accounts a i of China which these philosophers read, Bayle, Leibniz, and Montesquieu n or interpreted imperial China in three radically divergent ways: as a tolerant, f i atheistic monarchy; as an exemplar of human and divine justice; and as an l a C exceptional but nonetheless corrupt despotic state. The book thus shows how f the development of political thought in the early Enlightenment was closely o y linkedtothequestionofChinaasapositiveornegativemodelforEurope,and t si argues that revisiting Bayle’s approach to China is a salutary corrective to the r ve errorsandpresumptionsinthethoughtofLeibnizandMontesquieu.Thebook i n alsodiscusseshow Chinesereformersof the latenineteenthand early twentieth U [ centuries drew on Enlightenment writers’ different views of China as they y sought to envisage how China should be remodelled. b d e d Simon Kow is an Associate Professor of Humanities at the University of a o King’s College, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. l n w o D Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought Forafulllistoftitlesinthisseries,pleasevisitwww.routledge.com/series/RSSPT 7 106 Re-Grounding Cosmopolitanism 113 Genealogies of Emotions, 1 Towards a Post-Foundational Intimacies, and Desire 0 2 Cosmopolitanism Theories of Changes in Emotional e n Edited by Tamara Caraus and Regimes from Medieval Society to u J Elena Paris Late Modernity 4 Ann Brooks 2 6 107 Panarchy: Political Theories of 5 : Non-Territorial States 114 Modernity and Crisis in the 2 1 Edited by Aviezer Tucker and Thought of Michel Foucault t a Gian Piero de Bellis The Totality of Reason ] o Matan Oram g e 108 Gramsci’s Critique of Civil i D Society 115 Crisis and Critique n a Towards a New Concept of On the Fragile Foundations of S a, Hegemony Social Life i Marco Fonseca Rodrigo Cordero n r o f i 109 Deconstructing Happiness 116 China in Early Enlightenment l a C Critical Sociology and the Political Thought f Good Life Simon Kow o y Jordan McKenzie t si 117 Elementary Forms of Social r ve 110 Novels and the Sociology of the Relations i n Contemporary Status,Powerand ReferenceGroups U Arpad Szakolczai Theodore D. Kemper [ y b d 111 Liberty, Toleration and 118 Groundwork for the Practice e d Equality of the Good Life a o John Locke, Jonas Proast and the Politics and Ethics at the l n Letters Concerning Toleration Intersection of North Atlantic and w o John William Tate African Philosophy D Omedi Ochieng 112 Jürgen Habermas and the European Economic Crisis 119 Theories of the Stranger Cosmopolitanism Reconsidered Debates on Cosmopolitanism, Edited by Gaspare M. Genna, Identity and Cross-Cultural Thomas O. Haakenson, and Encounters Ian W. Wilson Vince Marotta China in Early Enlightenment Political Thought 7 1 0 2 e n u J 4 2 Simon Kow 6 5 : 2 1 t a ] o g e i D n a S , a i n r o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D eria JUg,eria g, JUg,eriJaUg,eria U J JUg,erJiaUg,erJiUag,eria Firstpublished2017 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness 7 1 ©2017SimonKow 0 2 TherightofSimonKowtobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhasbeen e assertedbyhiminaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright, n DesignsandPatentsAct1988. u J 4 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor 2 utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now 6 knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin 5 anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting : 2 fromthepublishers. 1 at Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor ] registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation o withoutintenttoinfringe. g e i BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData D AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary n a LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData S a, NTiatlme:eCs:hKinoawi,nSeimarolyn,e1n9li7g4h-teanumtheonrt.politicalthought/SimonKow. i n Description:Abingdon,Oxon;NewYork,NY:Routledge,2017.|Series: r o Routledgestudiesinsocialandpoliticalthought;116|Includes if bibliographicalreferencesandindex. al Identifiers:LCCN2016008784|ISBN9781138809277(hardback)| C ISBN9781315750125(ebook) of Subjects:LCSH:China--Politicsandgovernment--18thcentury.|Political y science--History--18thcentury.|Enlightenment.|Bayle,Pierre,1647-1706-- it Knowledge--China.|Leibniz,GottfriedWilhelm,Freiherrvon,1646-1716-- s r Knowledge--China.|Montesquieu,CharlesdeSecondat,baronde,1689- e v 1755--Knowledge--China. ni Classification:LCCJQ1510.K682017|DDC320.95109/033--dc23 U LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016008784 [ y b ISBN:978-1-138-80927-7(hbk) d ISBN:978-1-315-75012-5(ebk) e d a TypesetinTimesNewRoman o byTaylor&FrancisBooks l n w o D Contents 7 1 0 2 e n u J 4 2 6 Acknowledgements vi 5 : 2 1 at 1 Introduction 1 ] o g 2 The Jesuits: A swinging door 15 e i D 3 Pierre Bayle: A tolerant, atheistic monarchy 41 n a S 4 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Natural theology and a, universal justice 79 i n r o 5 Montesquieu and Chinese despotism 134 f i l a C Conclusion: The early European Enlightenment in Chinese f political thought 200 o y t i s r Index 211 e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D Acknowledgements 7 1 0 2 e n u J 4 2 6 This book was largely written during a full-year sabbatical leave. Thus, it 5 : could not have been written without the support of the University of King’s 2 1 College, which granted me the most precious component of scholarship – at time – as well as travel and research funding during the decade or so of ] o research leading to thiswork and other publications. I am grateful to Patricia g e Chalmers and other staff at the Universityof King’s College Library for their i D diligenceandefficiencyinmeetingmymanyrequestsforinter-librarymaterials. an Thanks go to all of my colleagues and students at King’s and at Dalhousie S a, University for cultivating an environment which recognises and respects the i humanities, an increasingly rare phenomenon in this commercialised and utili- n or tarian era. A summer workshop on East Asian studies at the East-West f i Center, University of Hawaii, was particularly helpful to me in assessing l a C Enlightenment interpretations of China. I owe special thanks to two Enligh- f tened Canadian Scots, Gordon McOuat and Neil Robertson, for reading and o y commenting on several of the chapters in draft form, despite the latter’s t si distaste for my often scathing remarks on Montesquieu (a sign of his good r ve nature and tolerance). I am especially indebted to Douglas Berger – not only i n for his incisive comments on the entire draft from his perspective as a major U [ scholar of Asian philosophy, but also for his friendship and moral support y throughout the writing of this book. b d Versions of sections from this book were presented to the early modern e d reading group in Halifax, organised by Krista Kesselring and hosted by a o CynthiaNeville;totheDalhousiePhilosophyColloquium,organisedbyLetitia l n Meynell; and the 2015 Atlantic Medieval and Early Modern Group annual w o conference at Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia. I am D grateful to these and other colleagues who attended my presentations and posed many thoughtful questions. My thanks also to Franklin Perkins, Robert Sparling, and the staff at Routledge Press – including Lucy McClune and especially Peter Sowden, my editor, for his encouragement and guidance – as well as to Moira Donovan for her invaluable assistance on preparing the index. Finally, the quasi-monastic solitude and discipline required to produce this work nevertheless depended on the societyofothers, including David Heckerl Acknowledgements vii and family members both immediate and extended. Above all, Sue-San King kept me grounded and well-cared for throughout this book project and when I needed most encouragement. This book is dedicated to her with love and to the memory of my late father, both outstanding examples of cultural intersectionality. 7 1 0 2 e n u J 4 2 6 5 : 2 1 t a ] o g e i D n a S a, i n r o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D 7 1 0 2 e n u J 4 2 6 5 : 2 1 t a ] o g e i D n a S a, ni This page intentionally left blank r o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D 1 Introduction 7 1 0 2 e n u J 4 2 6 The setting is the imperial court of China in the late seventeenth century. A 5 : group of missionaries has travelled from Europe and managed to obtain an 2 1 audience with the emperor himself, no mean accomplishment given that this at will bethe firstencounterbetweenrepresentativesoftheCatholic Churchand ] o the legendary Son of Heaven.They haveordersfrom the Papal See to present g e the Christian religion and the church in the best possible light, with the aim i D of securing the emperor’s toleration or, they dare hope, his endorsement of n a and perhaps even conversion to Christianity. To succeed they will have to S ia, eonmgiattgienghimseinnttieornestofatnhdeicmonpflreicstsaunpdonblohoimdshthede wvirratuckesinogfthCehCrishtriiasntiiatyn,wwohrillde n or far to the west. f i Theyareusheredintohisaugustpresence,intheveryheartoftheForbidden l a C City at the centre of the middle kingdom. The emperor is surrounded by f members of his inner council, and asks the missionaries what has prompted o y them to depart their homes and journey to such a remote kingdom. We have t si come, they reply, to teach the true religion based on the Gospels of Jesus r ve Christ, the son of God who commanded all men to love one another. They i n describe the life and mission of Jesus Christ, and especially his promise of U [ everlasting life to those who follow him. y The imperial council takes especial note of their account of the unhappiness b d and dishonour to the church arising from pagan religion. The council poses a de difficult question to the missionaries: What doyou do with those who do not a o believe inyour religion? Boldly, the Europeans reply that they are commanded l n by holy scripture and church doctrine to compel unbelievers into the house of w o God.Thecouncilishorrified.Theyadvisetheemperortoexpeltheseforeigners, D who clearly if they held sway in his dominionswould commit violence against the Chinese people who refuse to accept their faith. Indeed, and most horrifi- cally,oncetheygainedafootholdinChinawiththeirownfollowers,theywould undoubtedly force the emperor to submit to their religion or otherwise face a crusade of European powers seeking to absorb his kingdom into Christendom. Ifthe latter, theemperorwouldsurely facetheprospectofwarwithEurope, to be slaughtered in battle or captured and imprisoned for the rest of his life. After only two hours, the emperor – motivated by considerations of public