CHILDREN OF THE PRISON BOOM ooxxffoorrddhhbb--99778800119999998899222255..iinndddd ii 1100//11//22001133 77::4466::2211 PPMM Recent Titles in studies in crime and public policy Michael Tonry and Norval Morris, General Editors Making Public Places Safer Surveillance and Crime Prevention Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington Banished The New Social Control in Urban America Katherine Beckett and Steve Herbert Policing Problem Places Crime Hot Spots and Effective Prevention Anthony A. Braga and David Weisburd The Policing Web Jean-Paul Brodeur Punishing Race A Continuing American Dilemma Michael Tonry The Toughest Beat Politics, Punishment, and the Prison Officers Union in California Joshua Page The City That Became Safe New York’s Lessons for Urban Crime and Its Control Franklin E. Zimring ooxxffoorrddhhbb--99778800119999998899222255..iinndddd iiii 1100//11//22001133 77::4466::2277 PPMM CHILDREN OF THE PRISON BOOM Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality SARA WAKEFIELD CHRISTOPHER WILDEMAN 1 ooxxffoorrddhhbb--99778800119999998899222255..iinndddd iiiiii 1100//11//22001133 77::4466::2277 PPMM 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wakefi eld, Sara. Children of the prison boom : mass incarceration and the future of American inequality / Sara Wakefi eld, Christopher Wildeman. pages cm. —(Studies in crime and public policy) ISBN 978–0–19–998922–5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Children of prisoners– United States–Social conditions. 2. Corrections–Social aspects–United States. 3. Imprisonment–United States. 4. Equality–United States. I. Wildeman, Christopher James, 1979-II. Title. HV8886.U5W35 2013 362.82’950973–dc23 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ooxxffoorrddhhbb--99778800119999998899222255..iinndddd iivv 1100//11//22001133 77::4466::2277 PPMM For Riley For Carol, Cilla, Greta, Jim and Silas ooxxffoorrddhhbb--99778800119999998899222255..iinndddd vv 1100//11//22001133 77::4466::2277 PPMM ooxxffoorrddhhbb--99778800119999998899222255..iinndddd vvii 1100//11//22001133 77::4466::2277 PPMM CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix 1. Introduction 1 2. Th e Social Patterning of Parental Imprisonment 27 3. Before and Aft er Imprisonment 43 4. P aternal Incarceration and Mental Health and Behavioral Problems 71 5. Paternal Incarceration and Infant Mortality 97 6. Parental Incarceration and Child Homelessness 113 7. Mass Imprisonment and Childhood Inequality 131 8. Conclusion 149 Methodological Appendix 167 Notes 195 References 201 Index 2 23 ooxxffoorrddhhbb--99778800119999998899222255..iinndddd vviiii 1100//11//22001133 77::4466::2277 PPMM ooxxffoorrddhhbb--99778800119999998899222255..iinndddd vviiiiii 1100//11//22001133 77::4466::2277 PPMM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Th is book could not have been accomplished without the gener- ous support of many, many people. We would like to acknowledge some of them here—though our gratitude extends further—and hope that the reader holds us (rather than those who us gave fi nancial, intellectual, or emotional support) responsible for shortcomings in our work. Th is is our fi rst book so we reserve the right to gush and have made no attempt to be succinct—but we promise to return to the expected pithy academic prose in the pages to follow these acknowledgments. We also hope that we can make it up to anyone we foolishly omitted. As we write, our editor likely grows impatient, so we surely will forget some people who are incredibly important to us intellectually, person- ally, or both. We will buy you a beer the next time we see you to make it up to you. We fi rst would like to direct the reader to several related publications that are foundational to the book. Although much of the analysis in this book is new, many of the earlier analyses on which it is based have appeared in other outlets (Wakefi eld 2007; Wakefi eld and Uggen 2010; Wakefi eld and Wildeman 2011; Wildeman 2009, 2010, 2012, Forthcoming, and Wildeman and ooxxffoorrddhhbb--99778800119999998899222255..iinndddd iixx 1100//11//22001133 77::4466::2277 PPMM