UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff LLoouuiissvviillllee TThhiinnkkIIRR:: TThhee UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff LLoouuiissvviillllee''ss IInnssttiittuuttiioonnaall RReeppoossiittoorryy Electronic Theses and Dissertations 8-2012 CChhiilldd bbeehhaavviioorraall iinnhhiibbiittiioonn,, ppaarreennttaall oovveerrccoonnttrrooll,, aanndd ppaarreennttaall aannxxiieettyy aass pprreeddiiccttoorrss ooff aaddoolleesscceenntt aannxxiieettyy.. Benjamin M. Keizer University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Keizer, Benjamin M., "Child behavioral inhibition, parental overcontrol, and parental anxiety as predictors of adolescent anxiety." (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 733. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/733 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. - -------------- CHILD BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION, PARENTAL OVERCONTROL, AND PARENT AL ANXIETY AS PREDICTORS OF ADOLESCENT ANXIETY By Benjamin M. Keizer B.S., South Dakota State University, 1998 M.S., University of West Alabama, 2006 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Education and Human Development of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Educational and Counseling Psychology University of Louisville Louisville, K Y August 2012 CHILD BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION, PARENTAL OVERCONTROL, AND PARENTAL ANXIETY AS PREDICTORS OF ADOLESCENT ANXIETY By Benjamin M. Keizer B.S., South Dakota State University, 1998 M.S., University of West Alabama, 2006 A Dissertation Approved on June 15, 2011 by the following Dissertation Committee: Kathy Rudasill, Dissertation Chair Linda Shapiro Patrick Possel Kevin Chapman ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my loving wife Jennifer without whose love and support I could not have finished this journey. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Proverbs 3 :6-7 (ESV) reads: 'Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make straight your paths." First, I would like to express that without a deep and abiding relationship with my savior Jesus Christ, I would have never been able to navigate the long and winding road of the last three years. Next, I need to recognize the vital role my inwardly and outwardly beautiful wife Jenny played in earning what I consider not my degree, but our degree. Every day I left for campus I knew that she was dedicated to being a woman of excellence as a wife, mother. supporter and personal confidant. You are truly my best friend. Thanks also to my children who persevered through having a father that was not around as much as he would have liked to be: Lyla, Elsie (Brown), Gabrielle (Gabby), Lincoln (Towhead), and Silas. I promise I will make it up to you soon. Along my education journey I have providentially had many people placed in my life that have supported and guided me. First on the list is my Dissertation Chair I co academic advisor I mentor I co-instructor I expert movie reviewer, Dr. Kathy Rudasill. Without Kathy's commitment to my success I would not have been able to finish this dissertation I graduate in a timely manner. Indeed, Kathy's devotion to graduate students in the form of teaching them to do research well, achieve lofty goals, and graduate in a reasonable amount of time is her legacy. I would also like to express gratitude to my co academic advisor and dissertation committee member, Dr. Linda Shapiro, for her IV direction and encouragement during the past three years along with the other two members of my dissertation committee Dr. Patrick Possel and Dr. Kevin Chapman. I feel deeply blessed for the helpfulness, flexibility, and cohesiveness of this great Dissertation Committee. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my extended family. To my parents, Henry and Ruth Keizer, thank you for your support in being there for my wife and children during those times when I could not meet all of their needs. To my other parents and psychology mentor, Dr. Lyle and Pam Carlson - I am forever grateful for all of your logistical, emotional, and spiritual support in making this dream a reality. Without both of your encouragement I would without a doubt never had the courage to leave the active Army and pursue becoming a psychologist. To my siblings, Dr. David Keizer and Katie Keizer, thanks for being my live test subjects during our formative years and for your friendship as we all became adults. v - -------------- ABSTRACT CHILD BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION, PARENTAL OVERCONTROL, AND PARENT AL ANXIETY AS PREDICTORS OF ADOLESCENT ANXIETY Benjamin Keizer June 15,2011 This dissertation examined the prediction of anxiety symptoms over time during developmentally significant periods - the transition to middle school (12 years old) and the transition to high school (15 years old). Specifically, relationships between child behavioral inhibition, paternal anxiety, maternal anxiety, and parental control and concurrent levels of adolescent anxiety at each time point were analyzed. Despite a strong research base supporting individual connections between child behavioral inhibition, levels of parental control, parental anxiety symptoms and adolescent anxiety, the joint longitudinal associations have received scant attention in the literature. The current study also compared two different models of adolescent anxiety, a mediated model of adolescent anxiety and a moderated model of adolescent anxiety, to determine which better fit the data. Data for the study was part of the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), a study funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Participants initially enrolled in the study were 1,364 children (659 girls and 705 boys) and their caregivers and were recruited from 10 different geographic locations in the United States. VI - -------------------- The current study demonstrated associations between child behavioral inhibition, paternal anxiety, maternal anxiety, parental control and adolescent anxiety and suggests that they predict adolescent anxiety at 15 years. This study also indicated that earlier levels of adolescent and parental anxiety predict later levels of adolescent and parental anxiety and that parental anxiety symptoms have implications for concurrent and future levels of adolescent anxiety. Further research concerning the risk and protective factors as they relate to the etiology of adolescent anxiety should be explored to positively guide therapeutic interventions and shape appropriate parental behaviors. Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................. 1 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................................................... 3 Introductory Background ................................................................................... 3 Theoretical Frameworks of Study ................................................................... 5 Bioecological Model of Development. ...................................................... 5 Bioinformational Theory ............................................................................. 7 Social Cognitive Theory ............................................................................. 9 Triple Vulnerabilities Theory ................................................................... 11 Theoretical Interconnection ............................................................................ 13 Anxiety ............................................................................................................. 16 Diagnosis and Classification ............................................................................ 17 Risk Factors Associated with Anxiety Disorders ........................................... 19 Temperament & Behavioral Inhibition ..................................................... 20 Parenting Behaviors ................................................................................... 22 Parental Anxiety Symptoms ..................................................................... 31 Current Study .................................................................................................. 33 Research Questions .......................................................................................... 35 Vlll Hypotheses ................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 2 - METHODOLOGy ......................................................................................... 37 Participants ...................................................................................................... 37 Procedures ....................................................................................................... 3 8 Measures ......................................................................................................... 39 Temperament ............................................................................................ 39 Children's Behavior Questionnaire .................................................. 39 Child/Adolescent Anxiety ........................................................................ .40 Child Behavior Checklist-Anxiety scale .......................................... .40 Parental Anxiety ........................................................................................ 41 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory .......................................................... .41 Parental Control ........................................................................................ 41 Parental Control and Autonomy ...................................................... .42 Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 42 Preliminary Considerations ...................................................................... .42 Analytic Strategy ....................................................................................... 43 Analytic Goals ........................................................................................ 44 Chapter 3 - RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 47 Preliminary Analyses ....................................................................................... 47 Structural Equation Modeling Analyses ....................................................... 52 Mediated Model of Adolescent Anxiety .................................................... 53 Moderated Model of Adolescent Anxiety ............................................... 57 Chapter 4 - DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 60 IX