® Chemistry II For Dummies Table of Contents Introduction About This Book Foolish Assumptions What Not to Read How This Book Is Organized Part I: A Basic Review of Chemistry I Part II: Diving Into Kinetics and Equilibrium Part III: A Plethora of Chemistry II Concepts Part IV: Describing Descriptive Chemistry Part V: The Part of Tens Icons Used in This Book Where to Go from Here Part I: A Basic Review of Chemistry I Chapter 1: I Passed Chem I, But What About Chem II? Grasping the Nature of Chemistry II Recapping general Chemistry I Looking to where you are now: General Chemistry II Examining the Branches of Chemistry Comparing Macroscopic versus Microscopic Viewpoints Chapter 2: Math for the (Chemistry) Masses Digging Through the SI Measurement System Figuring out what SI prefixes mean Length Mass Volume Temperature Pressure Energy Dealing With Numbers, Both Really Big or Small Using exponential and scientific notation Using addition and subtraction Multiplication and division Raising a number to a power Using a calculator Solving the Quadratic Equation Mastering the Unit Conversion Method Working with Significant Figures Understanding number basics: Exact and counted versus measured Figuring out the number of significant figures in a measured number Reporting the correct number of significant figures Chapter 3: Atomic Structure, the Periodic Table, and Bonding Peering Inside the Atom: Subatomic Particles Examining the Nucleus: At the Heart of It All Modeling Electrons Considering the not-so Bohr(ing) model Looking at the quantum mechanical model Trying to Find Those Electrons Diagramming energy levels Configuring electrons: Easy and space efficient Peering at Patterns of Periodicity Using the Periodic Table Organizing by metals, nonmetals, and metalloids Organizing by periods and families Reviewing Bonding Attracting opposites: Ionic bonding Comprehending covalent bonding basics Chapter 4: Digging Up the Mole Concept and Stoichiometry Crossing the Mighty Mole Bridge Getting a firm grip on the mole Going from grams to moles and back again Converting particles to moles and back again Going from grams to particles and back again Reacting to Reaction Stoichiometry Calculating how many reactants and products Percent yield: Something’s missing Limiting reactants: Running out of reactant(s) Chapter 5: Grasping Solutions and Intermolecular Forces Considering Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Discussing dissolving A lowdown on saturated facts Reconciling Solution Concentration Units Percent composition Molarity is numero uno Defining molality Especially for pollution: Parts per million and parts per billion Contemplating Colligative Properties Vapor-pressure lowering Boiling-point elevation Freezing-point depression Osmotic pressure Grasping the Types of Intermolecular Forces London (dispersion) forces Induced dipole Dipole-dipole Hydrogen bonding Ion-dipole Looking at the Properties of Liquids Heat capacity Capillary action Viscosity Surface tension Chapter 6: Not Full of Hot Air: Gases and Gas Laws Reviewing the Kinetic Molecular Theory Obeying Laws: Gases, That Is Boyle’s law Charles’s law Gay-Lussac’s law The combined gas law Avogadro’s law The ideal gas equation Dalton’s and Graham’s laws Putting Gases Together with Reaction Stoichiometry Part II: Diving Into Kinetics and Equilibrium Chapter 7: The Lowdown on Kinetics: Tortoise or the Hare? Comprehending Reaction Rates Getting to Know Rate Laws Slowing down the reaction Identifying orders of reaction Finding the rate constant Grasping Integrated Rate Laws First order Second order Zero order Half-life (t1⁄2) Tackling the Collision Theory Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions Understanding Activation Energy Recognizing Mechanisms Getting elementary with reactions Conforming the rate-determining step Keeping Tabs on Catalysts Heterogeneous catalysis Homogeneous catalysis Chapter 8: All Present in the Same State: Homogeneous Equilibrium Considering Chemical Equilibrium Looking at reaction (equilibrium) -quotients: The Law of Mass Action Transforming into an equilibrium constant Kc’ and Kp Working Equilibrium Problems Making Sense of LeChatelier’s Principle Altering the concentration Altering the temperature Altering the pressure Looking at the effect of a catalyst Putting It All Together: The Haber-Bosch Process Concentration Temperature Pressure Catalyst Other considerations Chapter 9: Neutralizing Effects: Acid-Base Equilibrium Considering the Macroscopic Properties of Acids and Bases Looking Closely at the Microscopic Properties of Acids and Bases Dissolving in water: The Arrhenius theory Accepting hydrogen: The Bronsted-Lowry theory Taking and giving electrons: The Lewis acid-base theory Examining Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Disclosing the truth about acid strength Uncovering the basic truth about base strength Strong acids Strong bases Weak acids Weak bases Acidic/basic oxides Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reactions Determining pH Calculating the pH of a solution Using the pOH to calculate the pH Determining the antilog relationship Accepting Water’s Autoionization Tackling More Equilibrium Problems Ka Problems Kb Problems Believing in Buffers Working a basic buffer problem Introducing the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation Grasping buffer capacity Tackling Titration Curves and Indicators Chapter 10: Taking On Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibrium Solving Solubility Equilibriums Understanding the solubility product constant Calculating the concentration of dissolved ions Calculating solubility — molar and otherwise Predicting precipitation Eyeing the common-ion effect Following the Formation of Complex Ions Calculating the formation constant Solving them from the dissociation Part III: A Plethora of Chemistry II Concepts Chapter 11: Getting Hot with Thermodynamics Determining the Change in Energy Discussing Enthalpy Investigating Entropy Defining entropy Determining spontaneity Tackling the Laws of Thermodynamics Remaining constant: The first law Checking for spontaneity: The second law Zeroing in: The third law Predicting Spontaneity for Enthalpy and Entropy Changes Grasping Gibb’s Free Energy Checking Out Nonstandard Conditions Revisiting the Haber-Bosch Process Chapter 12: Causing Electrons to Flow: Electrochemistry Following Those Pesky Electrons: Redox Reactions Losing electrons: Oxidation Finding electrons: Reduction One’s loss is the other’s gain Playing the numbers: Oxidation numbers Balancing redox equations Going Indirect: Clarifying Cells and Cell Potentials Looking at the Daniell cell Writing cell notation Getting a grip on standard reduction potentials Tackling the Nernst Equation Solving a basic problem with this equation