Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 NINTh EdITION Chemistry for Today General, Organic, and Biochemistry Spencer L. Seager University of South Dakota Weber State University Michael R. Slabaugh University of South Dakota Weber State University Maren S. hansen West High School, Salt Lake City, UT Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 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To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 To our grandchildren: Nate and Braden Barlow, Megan and Bradley Seager, and Andrew Gardner Alexander, Annie, Charlie, Christian, Elyse, Foster, Megan, and Mia Slabaugh, Addison, Hadyn, and Wyatt Hansen Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 About the Authors Spencer L. Seager Spencer L. Seager retired from Weber State University in 2013 after serving for 52 years as a chemistry department faculty member. He served as department chairman from 1969 until 1993. He taught general and physical chemistry at the university. He was also active in projects designed to help improve chemistry and other science education in local elementary schools. He received his B.S. in chemistry and Ph.D. in physical chem- istry from the University of Utah. He currently serves as an adjunct professor at Weber State and the University of South Dakota where he teaches online courses in general chemistry, elementary organic chemistry, and elementary biochemistry. Michael R. Slabaugh Michael R. Slabaugh is an adjunct professor at the University of South Dakota and at Weber State University, where he teaches the yearlong sequence of general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry. He received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Pur- due University and his Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry from Iowa State University. His interest in plant alkaloids led to a year of postdoctoral study in biochemistry at Texas A&M University. His current professional interests are chemistry education and community involvement in science activities, particularly the State Science and Engi- neering Fair in Utah. He also enjoys the company of family, hiking in the mountains, and fishing the local streams. Maren S. Hansen Maren S. Hansen is a science teacher at West High School, where she teaches honors biology. She has also taught AP biology and biology in the International Baccalaure- ate Program. She received her B.A. and master of education degrees from Weber State University. Her professional interests have focused upon helping students participate in Science Olympiad and Science Fair. Other interests include adventure travel, mountain hiking, gardening, and the company of friends and family. She hopes to share her love of science with her two children. iv About the Authors Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Brief Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 13 Matter, Measurements, Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 424 and Calculations 2 Chapter 14 Chapter 2 Aldehydes and Ketones 458 Atoms and Molecules 46 Chapter 15 Chapter 3 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 488 Electronic Structure and the Chapter 16 Periodic Law 72 Amines and Amides 516 Chapter 4 Chapter 17 Forces between Particles 100 Carbohydrates 548 Chapter 5 Chapter 18 Chemical Reactions 144 Lipids 582 Chapter 6 Chapter 19 The States of Matter 174 Proteins 610 Chapter 7 Chapter 20 Solutions and Colloids 210 Enzymes 642 Chapter 8 Chapter 21 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 250 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 668 Chapter 9 Chapter 22 Acids, Bases, and Salts 276 Nutrition and Energy for Life 702 Chapter 10 Chapter 23 Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes 322 Carbohydrate Metabolism 732 Chapter 11 Chapter 24 Organic Compounds: Alkanes 352 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism 760 Chapter 12 Chapter 25 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 390 Body Fluids 788 Brief Contents v Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Contents Chapter 1 2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights 57 2.6 Avogadro’s Number: The Mole 58 Matter, Measurements, 2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas 63 and Calculations 2 Concept Summary 65 1.1 What Is Matter? 4 Key Terms and Concepts 66 1.2 Properties and Changes 5 Exercises 66 1.3 A Model of Matter 7 Additional Exercises 69 1.4 Classifying Matter 10 Chemistry for Thought 69 1.5 Measurement Units 13 Allied Health Exam Connection 70 Case Study 46 1.6 The Metric System 14 Chemistry Around us 2.1 Chemical Elements 1.7 Large and Small Numbers 19 in the Human Body 49 1.8 Significant Figures 22 Chemistry Around us 2.2 Looking at Atoms 51 1.9 Using Units in Calculations 27 ASk A phARMACIST 2.1 Uprooting Herbal Myths 54 1.10 Calculating Percentages 29 Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 2.1 1.11 Density 30 Take Care of Your Bones 55 Concept Summary 35 STudy SkILLS 2.1 Help with Mole Calculations 64 Key Terms and Concepts 36 Case Study Follow-up 65 Key Equations 36 Chapter 3 Exercises 37 Additional Exercises 43 Electronic Structure and the Chemistry for Thought 43 periodic Law 72 Allied Health Exam Connection 44 3.1 The Periodic Law and Table 73 Case Study 2 Chemistry Around us 1.1 A Central Science 5 3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms 75 Chemistry Around us 1.2 Are Chemicals Getting 3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical a Bad Rap? 6 Properties 78 Chemistry Around us 1.3 Effects of Temperature 3.4 Electronic Configurations 80 on Body Function 19 3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table 84 STudy SkILLS 1.1 Help with Calculations 30 3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 1.1 Choose Table 89 Wisely for Health Information 32 Concept Summary 94 ASk AN ExpERT 1.1 Does food density matter when Key Terms and Concepts 95 you’re trying to lose weight? 34 Exercises 95 Case Study Follow-up 35 Additional Exercises 97 Chemistry for Thought 97 Chapter 2 Allied Health Exam Connection 98 Atoms and Molecules 46 Case Study 72 Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 3.1 Watch the 2.1 Symbols and Formulas 47 Salt 76 2.2 Inside the Atom 50 Chemistry Around us 3.1 A Solar 2.3 Isotopes 52 Future 83 2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules 53 STudy SkILLS 3.1 The Convention Hotels Analogy 87 vi Contents Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Chemistry Around us 3.2 Transition and 5.8 Energy and Reactions 157 Inner-Transition Elements in Your Smart Phone 89 5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations 158 Case Study Follow-up 94 5.10 The Limiting Reactant 161 5.11 Reaction Yields 163 Chapter 4 Concept Summary 165 Forces between particles 100 Key Terms and Concepts 165 Key Equations 166 4.1 Noble Gas Configurations 101 Exercises 166 4.2 Ionic Bonding 103 Additional Exercises 170 4.3 Ionic Compounds 105 Chemistry for Thought 170 4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds 108 Allied Health Exam Connection 171 4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds 110 Case Study 144 4.6 Covalent Bonding 111 Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 5.1 Add Color 4.7 Polyatomic Ions 116 to Your Diet 156 4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions 118 Chemistry Around us 5.1 Teeth 4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules 122 Whitening 159 4.10 More about Naming Compounds 126 Chemistry Around us 5.2 Electric Cars 162 STudy SkILLS 5.1 Help with Oxidation Numbers 163 4.11 Other Interparticle Forces 129 Case Study Follow-up 164 Concept Summary 134 Key Terms and Concepts 135 Chapter 6 Exercises 136 Additional Exercises 140 The States of Matter 174 Chemistry for Thought 140 6.1 Observed Properties of Matter 176 Allied Health Exam Connection 141 6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 178 Case Study 100 6.3 The Solid State 179 Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 4.1 Consider the Mediterranean Diet 107 6.4 The Liquid State 180 Chemistry Around us 4.1 Water: One of Earth’s 6.5 The Gaseous State 180 Special Compounds 113 6.6 The Gas Laws 181 ASk A phARMACIST 4.1 Are All Iron Preparations 6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume Created Equal? 123 Relationships 184 STudy SkILLS 4.1 Help with Polar and Nonpolar 6.8 The Ideal Gas Law 189 Molecules 127 6.9 Dalton’s Law 191 Chemistry Around us 4.2 Ozone: Good up High, 6.10 Graham’s Law 192 Bad Nearby 131 6.11 Changes in State 192 Case Study Follow-up 134 6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure 193 Chapter 5 6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point 195 6.14 Sublimation and Melting 196 Chemical Reactions 144 6.15 Energy and the States of Matter 197 5.1 Chemical Equations 145 Concept Summary 202 5.2 Types of Reactions 147 Key Terms and Concepts 203 5.3 Redox Reactions 148 Key Equations 203 5.4 Decomposition Reactions 151 Exercises 203 5.5 Combination Reactions 152 Additional Exercises 207 5.6 Replacement Reactions 153 Chemistry for Thought 207 5.7 Ionic Equations 155 Allied Health Exam Connection 207 Contents vii Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Case Study 174 8.5 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates 258 Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 6.1 Get an 8.6 Chemical Equilibrium 260 Accurate Blood Pressure Reading 184 8.7 The Position of Equilibrium 262 ASk A phARMACIST 6.1 Zinc for Colds? 188 8.8 Factors That Influence Equilibrium Chemistry Around us 6.1 Air Travel 195 Position 264 Chemistry Around us 6.2 Therapeutic Uses Concept Summary 267 of Oxygen Gas 198 Key Terms and Concepts 268 STudy SkILLS 6.1 Which Gas Law to Use 200 Key Equations 268 Case Study Follow-up 201 Exercises 268 Additional Exercises 273 Chapter 7 Chemistry for Thought 273 Solutions and Colloids 210 Allied Health Exam Connection 273 Case Study 250 7.1 Physical States of Solutions 211 ASk A phARMACIST 8.1 Energy for Sale 255 7.2 Solubility 212 Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 8.1 Use Your 7.3 The Solution Process 216 Phone to Help You Stay Healthy 261 7.4 Solution Concentrations 220 Chemistry Around us 8.1 Why “Cold” Does Not 7.5 Solution Preparation 224 Exist 265 7.6 Solution Stoichiometry 227 STudy SkILLS 8.1 Le Châtelier’s Principle in Everyday Life 267 7.7 Solution Properties 229 Case Study Follow-up 267 7.8 Colloids 235 7.9 Dialysis 238 Concept Summary 241 Chapter 9 Key Terms and Concepts 241 Acids, Bases, and Salts 276 Key Equations 242 Exercises 242 9.1 The Arrhenius Theory 277 Additional Exercises 247 9.2 The Brønsted Theory 278 Chemistry for Thought 247 9.3 Naming Acids 279 Allied Health Exam Connection 247 9.4 The Self-Ionization of Water 281 Case Study 210 9.5 The pH Concept 283 Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 7.1 Stay 9.6 Properties of Acids 286 Hydrated 222 9.7 Properties of Bases 290 STudy SkILLS 7.1 Getting Started with Molarity 9.8 Salts 291 Calculations 234 9.9 The Strengths of Acids and Bases 294 Chemistry Around us 7.1 Health Drinks 237 9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases 300 Chemistry Around us 7.2 CO Emissions: A 2 9.11 Titration Calculations 302 Blanket around the Earth 239 Case Study Follow-up 240 9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts 304 9.13 Buffers 305 Chapter 8 Concept Summary 310 Key Terms and Concepts 311 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 250 Key Equations 311 8.1 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Exercises 311 Processes 251 Additional Exercises 318 8.2 Reaction Rates 253 Chemistry for Thought 318 8.3 Molecular Collisions 254 Allied Health Exam Connection 319 8.4 Energy Diagrams 257 Case Study 276 viii Contents Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203