Advances in Physical Geochemistry Volume 6 Editor-in-Chief Surendra K. Saxena Editorial Board L. Barron P.M. Bell N.D. Chatterjee R. Kretz D.H. Lindsley Y. Matsui A. Navrotsky R.C. Newton G. Ottonello L.L. Perchuk R. Powell R. Robie A.B. Thompson B.J. Wood Advances in Physical Geochemistry Series Editor: Surendra K. Saxena Volume I R.C. Newton/A. Navrotsky/B.1. Wood (editors) Thermodynamics of Minerals and Melts 1981. xii, 304 pp. 66 illus. ISBN 0-387-90530-8 Volume 2 S.K. Saxena (editor) Advances in Physical Geochemistry, Volume 2 1982. x, 353 pp. 113 illus. ISBN 0-387-90644-4 Volume 3 S.K. Saxena (editor) Kinetics and Equilibrium in Mineral Reactions 1983. vi, 273 pp. 99 iIIus. ISBN 0-387-90865-X Volume 4 A.B. ThompsonlD.C. Rubie (editors) Metamorphic Reactions: Kinetics, Textures, and Deformation 1985. xii, 291 pp. 81 illus. ISBN 0-387-96077-5 Volume 5 J.V. Walther/B.L Wood (editors) Fluid-Rock Interactions during Metamorphism 1986. x, 211 pp. 59 illus. ISBN 0-387-96244-1 Volume 6 S.K. Saxena (editor) Chemistry and Physics of Terrestrial Planets 1986. x, 405 pp. 94 iIIus. ISBN 0-387-96287-5 Chemistry and Physics of Terrestrial Planets Edited by Surendra K. Saxena With Contributions by P.A. Candela M. Catti G. Eriksson R.F. Galimzyanov R. leanloz I.L. Khodakovsky E. Knittle O.L. Kuskov M.1. Petaev V.S. Safronov S.K. Saxena Yu.1. Sidorov A.V. Vitjazev V.P. Volkov D.l. Weidner M.Yu. Zolotov With 94 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg Tokyo Series Editor Surendra K. Saxena Department of Geology Brooklyn College City University of New York Brooklyn, New York 11210 U.S.A. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chemistry and physics of terrestrial planets. (Advances in physical geochemistry; v. 6) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Earth. 2. Planets. 3. Cosmochemistry. 4. Geochemistry. 5. Earth-Mantle. I. Saxena, Surendra K. (Surendra Kumar), 1936- II. Candela, P. A. III. Series. QB631.C49 1986 551 86-1804 © 1986 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, U.S.A. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset by Asco Trade Typesetting Ltd., Hong Kong. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 lSBN-13: 978-1-4612-9363-7 e-lSBN-13: 978-1-4612-4928-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4928-3 Preface The purpose of this volume is to present the latest planetary studies of an international body of scientists concerned with the physical and chemical aspects of terrestrial planets. In recent years planetary science has developed in leaps and bounds. This is a result of the application of a broad range of scientific disciplines, particularly physical and chemical, to an understanding of the information received from manned and unmanned space exploration. The first five chapters expound on many of the past and recent observations in an attempt to develop meaningful physical-chemical models of planetary formation and evolution. For any discussion of the chemical processes in the solar nebula, it is important to understand the boundary conditions of the physical variables. In Chapter 1, Saf ranov and Vitjazev have laid down explicitly all the physical constraints and the problems of time-dependence of nebular evolutionary processes. Planetary scientists and students will find in this chapter a collection of astrophysical parameters on the transfer of angular momentum, formation of the disk and the gas envelope, nebular turbulence, physical mixing of particles of various origins and growth of planetesimals. The authors conclude their work with important information on ev olution of terrestrial planets. Although symbols are defined in the text of the article, readers who are not familiar with the many symbols and abbreviations in astrophysical literature will find it useful to consult the Appendix for explanations. The second chapter, by Saxena and Eriksson, provides data on phase equilibrium in a hot gaseous nebula of solar composition. While the role of equilibrium con densation in forming all or most of the planetary and meteoritic material is debatable, few would deny the importance of the data as reference for a comparative study. In the third chapter, Pataev and Khodakovsky discuss that high temperature equi libration of some phases in enstatite meteorites has taken place under reducing con ditions corresponding to a C/O ratio close to unity in the solar nebula. In Chapter 4, Volkov, Zolotov, and Khodakovsky have reviewed the recent studies on the lithospheric-atmospheric interaction on Venus. The authors use the latest information on the composition of the atmosphere and on the surface conditions to vi Preface model the chemistry of the Venusian clouds and the recycling of the outer planetary shell. In the fifth chapter, Sidorov and Zolotov have discussed the avaiblble data on Martian surface and atmosphere. Their conclusion is that Martian regolith is a mixture of mechanically derived minerals of magmatic rocks of basic and/or ultrabasic com positions, and products of chemical weathering. The latter process is not significant at present being largely replaced by mechanical weathering. The planetary missions and observations have greatly enhanced our curiosity about our own planet Earth. The next five chapters are devoted to the study of the earth's interior. In Chapter 6, Catti argues in favor of theoretical models for calculating physical properties of crystalline phases. It appears that, at present, theory can be used with reasonable accuracy to obtain physical properties of some phases with simple structure. Further development in determining the form of interatomic po tentials and the optimization procedures are awaited with great expectations. In Chapter 7, Weidner has addressed a classical problem in the study of the Earth's interior. Do the seismic data reflect the compositional inhomogeneity of the mantle or the effect of physical changes in a homogeneous mantle? His conclusion is that from the available data, pyrolite produces an acoustic velocity model that agrees quantitatively with seismic data. However, such a study is critically dependent on the accuracy of the pressure- and temperature-derivatives of the elastic moduli of the mantle phases. Jeanloz and Knittle are also concerned with the interior of the Earth. Their approach, as outlined in Chapter 8, is to use an equation of state relating the seismologically determined wave velocities and densities, and then compare the recently obtained physical data on minerals with the adiabatically de compressed mantle properties to zero pressure. It appears that the Eulerian for mulation of the equation of state is best among those that are currently used (e.g., Murnaghan equation). In Chapter 9, Kuskov and Galirnzyanov have adopted a thermochemical approach to study phase equilibrium at high pressures and understand the physical properties of the mantle. The authors propose an equation of state in the form of Mie-Gruneisen and find the equation useful to a pressure of 1 Mbar and to a temperature of 3000 K. The authors find that all chemical transformations are completed within a depth of 700-800 km and the mantle that follows has a simple mineralogy. Finally, in Chapter 10 Candela has discussed the mathematical basis for under standing the formation and evolution of magmatic vapors. The emanation of vapors leads to many profound crustal changes which also affect the atmosphere. The volume contains a large number of original articles from Soviet planetary scientists. While all chapters were reviewed for their scientific content, the translation of the original article into English has been the responsibility of the author. The production of this volume was possible through an enthusiastic cooperation by the contributors, reviewers and the editorial staff of Springer-Verlag. I thank S. Ghose, R. Jeanloz, E. Olsen, R.F. Mueller, and many members of the editorial board of the A.P.G. for providing reviews, support, and advice. R. Palestino made language improvements in the chapters contributed by the Soviet scientists and Julia A. Sykes prepared the Subject Index. S.K. SAXENA Contents 1. The Origin and Early Evolution of the Terrestrial Planets 1 V.S. SAFRONOV AND A.V. VITJAZEV 2. Chemistry of the Formation of the Terrestrial Planets 30 S.K. SAXENA AND G. ERIKSSON 3. Thermodynamic Properties and Conditions of Formation of Minerals in Enstatite Meteorite 106 M.1. PETAEV AND I.L. KHODAKOVSKY 4. Lithospheric-Atmospheric Interaction on Venus 136 V.P. VOLKOV, M.Yu. ZOLOTOV, AND I.L. KHODAKOVSKY 5. Weathering of Martian Surface Rocks 191 Yu.1. SIDOROV AND M.Yu. ZOLOTOV 6. Theoretical Computation of Physical Properties of Mantle Minerals 224 M. CATTI 7. Mantle Model Based on Measured Physical Properties of Minerals 251 D.l. WEIDNER viii Contents 8. Reduction of Mantle and Core Properties to a Standard State by Adiabatic Decompression 275 R. JEANLOZ AND E. KNITILE 9. Thermodynamics of Stable Mineral Assemblages of the Mantle Transition Zone 310 O.L. KUSKOV AND R.F. GALIMZYANOV 10. Generalized Mathematical Models for the Fractional Evolution of Vapor from Magmas in Terrestrial Planetary Crusts 362 P.A. CANDELA Appendix 397 Index 399 Contributors CANDELA, P.A. Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S.A. CA'ITI, M. Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, Universita di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy ERIKSSON, G. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Umea, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden GALIMZYANOV, R.F. V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Ana lytical Chemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, V. 334, U.S.S.R JEANLOZ, R. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. KHODAKOVSKY, I.L. V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Ana lytical Chemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, V. 334, U.S.S.R. KNITTLE, E. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. KUSKOV,O.L. V.1. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Ana lytical Chemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, V. 334, U.S.S.R. x Contributors PETAEV, M.I. V.1. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Ana lytical Chemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, V. 334, U.S.S.R. SAFRONOV, V.S. O. Yu. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R. SAXENA, S.K. Department of Geology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11234, U.S.A. SIOOROV, YU.1. V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Ana lytical Chemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, V. 334, U.S.S.R. VITJAZEV, A.V. O. Yu. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R. VOLKOV, V.P. V.1. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Ana lytical Chemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, V. 334, U.S.S.R. WEIDNER, 0.1. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, State Uni versity of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, U.S.A. ZoLOTOV, M. YU. V.1. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Ana lytical Chemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, V. 334, U.S.S.R.